0s BC

The 0s BC is the period between 9 BC and 1 BC, the last nine years of the before Christ era. It is one of two "0-to-9" decade-like timespans that contain nine years, along with the 0s.

This is a list of events occurring in the 0s BC ordered by year.

Events

9 BC

January 30 – The Ara Pacis ("Altar of Augustan Peace"), voted for by the Senate four years earlier, is dedicated.^[1]
Pannonia is incorporated into the Roman Empire as part of Illyria.^[2]
Nero Claudius Drusus, Emperor Augustus' stepson, begins a campaign against the Marcomanni, but dies soon after, due to a fall from his horse.^[3]
Livy completes compilation of his Ab Urbe Condita Libri, 142 books covering the history of Rome since its foundation down to 9 BC (approximate date).^[4]
Accession of Aretas IV Philopatris as King of the Nabataeans (modern Jordan).^[5]

8 BC

King Maroboduus becomes ruler of the Marcomanni^[6] and fights against the Roman Empire's expansion in Bohemia.^[7]
Arminius, son of a Cheruscan chieftain, is taken as a hostage to Rome, where he receives a military education.^[8]^[9]
After 20 years, Emperor Augustus initiates his second census of the Roman Empire.^[10]
Sextilis, the eighth month of the early Julian calendar, is renamed Augustus (August) by a decree of the Roman Senate in honor of Augustus.^[11]

7 BC

May 7 – Emperor Ai succeeds to the throne of Han China.^[12]
Augustus' second census of the Roman Empire reports a total of 4,233,000 citizens.^[13] However, the specific criteria of the census are still not clear.^[14]
Rome is divided in 14 administrative regions.^[15]

6 BC

Tiberius retires to Rhodes, to the annoyance of Emperor Augustus.^[16] He is recalled to Rome years later, in AD 4, becoming Augustus' adopted son and heir following the deaths of Lucius and Gaius Caesar.

5 BC

March – Probable nova in the constellation Aquila.^[17]
c. December – Probable supernova in the constellation Capricornus.^[17]

4 BC

March 13 – Lunar eclipse
Upon the death of Herod the Great, there is unrest in his client kingdom of Judea. His son, Herod Archelaus, becomes the new ruler. Herod Antipas becomes tetrarch of Galilee and Perea. The governor of Syria, Publius Quinctilius Varus, marches down to Jerusalem from Antioch to restore order; around 3000 Jews are crucified.^[18]
Namhae becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla.^[19]

3 BC

In Han China, a terrible drought strucks Shandong.^[20]
Construction of the Pont Julien in modern southern France.^[21]

2 BC

Roman Empire

February 5 – Augustus is proclaimed pater patriae ("father of the country") by the Roman Senate. This bestowed title is the logical consequence and final proof of Augustus' supreme position as princeps, the first in charge over the Roman state.^[22]
Julia the Elder, daughter of Augustus, is exiled on charges of treason and adultery to Pandateria; her mother Scribonia accompanies her.^[23]^[24]
The Aqua Alsietina (or Aqua Augusta), a Roman aqueduct in Rome, is constructed during the reign of Augustus (approximate date).^[25]
Date of the birth of Jesus according to the writings of Tertullian, Eusebius and Epiphanius^[26] (probably after the statement of Jesus being "around 30 years old" in AD 29).^[27]
Dedication of the Forum Augustum.^[28]

Parthia

Phraates V and his mother Musa become rulers of the Parthian Empire following the murder of Phraates IV.

Armenia

Tigranes IV and Erato are restored to the throne after deposing Artavasdes III.

1 BC

By place

Han dynasty

August 15 – Emperor Ai dies and is succeeded by his 8-year-old cousin Ping, who is enthroned on October 17. Wang Mang is appointed regent by Empress Dowager Wang Zhengjun, his aunt.^[29]^[30]
Former regent Dong Xian, who was previously Ai's lover, commits suicide with his wife.^[31]

Roman Empire

Gaius Caesar marries Livilla, daughter of Antonia Minor and Nero Claudius Drusus, in an effort to gain prestige.^[32]
The Roman theatre in Cartagena, built by Gaius and Lucius Caesar, finishes construction.^[33]
Aulus Caecina Severus was appointed consul by Emperor Augustus succeeding Cossus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus and Lucius Calpurnius Piso.^[34]

Kingdom of Kush

The approximate date of Natakamani succeeding Amanishakheto as the King of Kush.^[35]

Satavahana dynasty

Kunatala Satakarni is succeeded by Satakarni III.^[36]

By topic

Religion

Estimated birth of Jesus, in the Christian religion, as assigned by Dionysius Exiguus in his Anno Domini era; according to most scholars, Dionysius used the word "incarnation", but it is not known whether he meant conception or birth. However, at least one scholar thinks Dionysius placed the incarnation of Jesus in the next year, AD 1.^[37]^[38] Most modern scholars do not consider Dionysius' calculations authoritative, and place the event several years earlier.^[39]

^ Conlin, Diane Atnally (1997). The Artists of the Ara Pacis: The Process of Hellenization in Roman Relief Sculpture. UNC Press Books. ISBN 978-0-8078-2343-9.
^ Pannonia — United Nations of Roma Victrix
^ Levick, Barbara (1990). Claudius. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-05831-4.
^ Ramsay, William (1870). "Livius" . In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. II. pp. 790–796.
^ Healey, J. F. (2015). The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-30148-1.
^ 7, 1, 3, p. 290; Marcus Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History 2, 108
^ "Maroboduus". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. 20 March 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2020. Maroboduus, (died AD 37, Ravenna, Italy), king of the Marcomanni who organized the first confederation of German tribes.
^ "Arminius". Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. 2014.
^ Durschmied, Erik (11 April 2013). The Weather Factor. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 1759. ISBN 978-1-4447-6965-4.
^ "LacusCurtius • Res Gestae Divi Augusti (II)". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
^ Preserved by Macrobius, Saturnalia 1.12.35; entry on calendarium, in William Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (John Murray, London, 1875), at LacusCurtius.
^ Barbieri-Low, Anthony J.; Yates, Robin D.S. (2015). "Recognized Rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Xin Period". Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-30053-8.
^ "LacusCurtius • Res Gestae Divi Augusti (II)". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
^ Hin, Saskia (2007-11-01), Counting Romans (SSRN Scholarly Paper), Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, doi:10.2139/ssrn.1426932, retrieved 2024-02-16
^ "The Fourteen Regions of Augustus (Platner & Ashby, 1929)". LacusCurtius. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
^ Pettinger, Andrew (2012). The Republic in Danger: Drusus Libo and the Succession of Tiberius. OUP Oxford. pp. 62ff. ISBN 978-0-19-960174-5.
^ ^a ^b Matthews, Roberts (2011). Why Don't Spiders Stick to Their Webs. Oxford: Oneworld. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-85168-900-2.
^ Evans, Craig A. (2004). Of Scribes and Sages: Ancient versions and traditions. A&C Black. pp. 137–140. ISBN 978-0-567-08083-7.
^ "List of Rulers of Korea". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
^ Charles A. Frazee (2002). Two Thousand years ago. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-8028-4805-5.
^ Julien Bridge. Avignon & Provence
^ Swan, Peter M. (2004). The Augustan Succession. Oxford University Press. pp. 103–104.
^ Velleius Paterculus, 2.100
^ Cassius Dio 55.10
^ "Roman aqueducts: Rome Aqua Alsietina (Italy)". www.romanaqueducts.info. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
^ Beyer, David (1998). "Josephus Reexamined: Unraveling the Twenty-Second Year of Tiberius". In Vardaman, Jerry (ed.). Chronos, Kairos, Christos II: Chronological, Nativity, and Religious Studies in Memory of Ray Summers. Mercer University Press. pp. 85–96. ISBN 978-0-86554-582-3.
^ Finegan, Jack (2015). The Handbook of Biblical Chronology. Hendrickson Publishers. p. 345. ISBN 978-1-61970-641-5.
^ Stambaugh, John E. (1988). The Ancient Roman City. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 54. ISBN 0-8018-3574-7.
^ Bowman, John Stewart, ed. (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian history and Culture. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-231-50004-3. OCLC 51542679.
^ Furth, Charlotte (1991). "Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homo[sex]ual Tradition in China. By Bret Hinsch. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. xvii, 232 pp. $22.50". The Journal of Asian Studies. 50 (4): 911–912. doi:10.2307/2058567. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 2058567.
^ Hinsch, Bret. (1990) Passions of the Cut Sleeve. University of California Press.
^ "Cassius Dio - Book 55". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
^ "Cartagena Roman Theatre Museum". murciatoday.com. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
^ Syne, Ronald (1995). Anatolica : studies in Strabo. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-814943-3. OCLC 30318791.
^ Garlake, Peter S. (2002). Early Art and Architecture of Africa. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-284261-9.
^ Singh, Rajesh Kumar (2013). Ajanta Paintings: 86 Panels of Jatakas and Other Themes. Hari Sena. pp. 15–16. ISBN 9788192510750.
^ Georges Declercq, Anno Domini: The origins of the Christian Era (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2000), pp.143–147.
^ G. Declercq, "Dionysius Exiguus and the introduction of the Christian Era", Sacris Erudiri 41 (2002) 165–246, pp.242–246. Annotated version of a portion of Anno Domini.
^ James D. G. Dunn, Jesus Remembered, Eerdmans Publishing (2003), page 324.

[1] Conlin, Diane Atnally (1997). The Artists of the Ara Pacis: The Process of Hellenization in Roman Relief Sculpture. UNC Press Books. ISBN 978-0-8078-2343-9.

[2] Pannonia — United Nations of Roma Victrix

[3] Levick, Barbara (1990). Claudius. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-05831-4.

[DGRBM_Livius-4] Ramsay, William (1870). "Livius" . In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. II. pp. 790–796.

[5] Healey, J. F. (2015). The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-30148-1.

[6] 7, 1, 3, p. 290; Marcus Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History 2, 108

[7] "Maroboduus". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. 20 March 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2020. Maroboduus, (died AD 37, Ravenna, Italy), king of the Marcomanni who organized the first confederation of German tribes.

[eb-8] "Arminius". Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. 2014.

[Durschmied-9] Durschmied, Erik (11 April 2013). The Weather Factor. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 1759. ISBN 978-1-4447-6965-4.

[10] "LacusCurtius • Res Gestae Divi Augusti (II)". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2017-02-22.

[11] Preserved by Macrobius, Saturnalia 1.12.35; entry on calendarium, in William Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (John Murray, London, 1875), at LacusCurtius.

[12] Barbieri-Low, Anthony J.; Yates, Robin D.S. (2015). "Recognized Rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Xin Period". Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-30053-8.

[13] "LacusCurtius • Res Gestae Divi Augusti (II)". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2017-02-22.

[14] Hin, Saskia (2007-11-01), Counting Romans (SSRN Scholarly Paper), Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, doi:10.2139/ssrn.1426932, retrieved 2024-02-16

[15] "The Fourteen Regions of Augustus (Platner & Ashby, 1929)". LacusCurtius. Retrieved 2024-02-16.

[16] Pettinger, Andrew (2012). The Republic in Danger: Drusus Libo and the Succession of Tiberius. OUP Oxford. pp. 62ff. ISBN 978-0-19-960174-5.

[Matthews-17] Matthews, Roberts (2011). Why Don't Spiders Stick to Their Webs. Oxford: Oneworld. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-85168-900-2.

[18] Evans, Craig A. (2004). Of Scribes and Sages: Ancient versions and traditions. A&C Black. pp. 137–140. ISBN 978-0-567-08083-7.

[19] "List of Rulers of Korea". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 21 April 2019.

[20] Charles A. Frazee (2002). Two Thousand years ago. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-8028-4805-5.

[21] Julien Bridge. Avignon & Provence

[22] Swan, Peter M. (2004). The Augustan Succession. Oxford University Press. pp. 103–104.

[23] Velleius Paterculus, 2.100

[24] Cassius Dio 55.10

[25] "Roman aqueducts: Rome Aqua Alsietina (Italy)". www.romanaqueducts.info. Retrieved 2023-09-22.

[26] Beyer, David (1998). "Josephus Reexamined: Unraveling the Twenty-Second Year of Tiberius". In Vardaman, Jerry (ed.). Chronos, Kairos, Christos II: Chronological, Nativity, and Religious Studies in Memory of Ray Summers. Mercer University Press. pp. 85–96. ISBN 978-0-86554-582-3.

[27] Finegan, Jack (2015). The Handbook of Biblical Chronology. Hendrickson Publishers. p. 345. ISBN 978-1-61970-641-5.

[28] Stambaugh, John E. (1988). The Ancient Roman City. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 54. ISBN 0-8018-3574-7.

[29] Bowman, John Stewart, ed. (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian history and Culture. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-231-50004-3. OCLC 51542679.

[30] Furth, Charlotte (1991). "Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homo[sex]ual Tradition in China. By Bret Hinsch. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. xvii, 232 pp. $22.50". The Journal of Asian Studies. 50 (4): 911–912. doi:10.2307/2058567. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 2058567.

[hinsch-31] Hinsch, Bret. (1990) Passions of the Cut Sleeve. University of California Press.

[32] "Cassius Dio - Book 55". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2021-05-25.

[33] "Cartagena Roman Theatre Museum". murciatoday.com. Retrieved 2021-05-26.

[34] Syne, Ronald (1995). Anatolica : studies in Strabo. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-814943-3. OCLC 30318791.

[35] Garlake, Peter S. (2002). Early Art and Architecture of Africa. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-284261-9.

[36] Singh, Rajesh Kumar (2013). Ajanta Paintings: 86 Panels of Jatakas and Other Themes. Hari Sena. pp. 15–16. ISBN 9788192510750.

[declercq1-37] Georges Declercq, Anno Domini: The origins of the Christian Era (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2000), pp.143–147.

[declercq2-38] G. Declercq, "Dionysius Exiguus and the introduction of the Christian Era", Sacris Erudiri 41 (2002) 165–246, pp.242–246. Annotated version of a portion of Anno Domini.

[39] James D. G. Dunn, Jesus Remembered, Eerdmans Publishing (2003), page 324.

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