| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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1591 (MDXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1591st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 591st year of the 2nd millennium, the 91st year of the 16th century, and the 2nd year of the 1590s decade. As of the start of 1591, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
| 1591 by topic |
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| Arts and science |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Works category |
| Gregorian calendar | 1591 MDXCI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2344 |
| Armenian calendar | 1040 ԹՎ ՌԽ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6341 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1512–1513 |
| Bengali calendar | 998 |
| Berber calendar | 2541 |
| English Regnal year | 33 Eliz. 1 – 34 Eliz. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2135 |
| Burmese calendar | 953 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7099–7100 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚寅年 (Metal Tiger) 4288 or 4081 — to — 辛卯年 (Metal Rabbit) 4289 or 4082 |
| Coptic calendar | 1307–1308 |
| Discordian calendar | 2757 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1583–1584 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5351–5352 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1647–1648 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1512–1513 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4691–4692 |
| Holocene calendar | 11591 |
| Igbo calendar | 591–592 |
| Iranian calendar | 969–970 |
| Islamic calendar | 999–1000 |
| Japanese calendar | Tenshō 19 (天正１９年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1511–1512 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 10 days |
| Korean calendar | 3924 |
| Minguo calendar | 321 before ROC 民前321年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 123 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2133–2134 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳金虎年 (male Iron-Tiger) 1717 or 1336 or 564 — to — 阴金兔年 (female Iron-Rabbit) 1718 or 1337 or 565 |