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| Turnout | 88.23% | |||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential elections were held in Kazakhstan for the first time on 1 December 1991.[1] Nursultan Nazarbayev was elected with 99% of the vote, based on a turnout of 88%.[2]
- ^ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p416 ISBN 0-19-924958-X
- ^ Nohlen et al., p424