320s

The 320s decade ran from January 1, 320, to December 31, 329.

Events

320

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Roman Empire
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Asia
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  • King Chandragupta I founds the Gupta dynasty in northern India (approximate date).[2]
  • Zhang Shi (張寔), Zhang Duke of Xiping and governor of Liang Province, (涼州)is assassinated by Yan She (閻涉) and Zhao Ang (趙卬) and replaced by Zhang Mao (張茂), commonly accepted first ruler of the Chinese state Former Liang.

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Art
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Culture and Religion
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Science
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321

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Roman Empire
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Asia
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Art and Science
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Food and Drink
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  • Constantine I assigns convicts to grind Rome's flour, in a move to hold back the rising price of food in an empire whose population has shrunk as a result of plague.
Religion
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322

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Technology
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323

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Roman Empire
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China
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324


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Roman Empire
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  • January 1Flavius Julius Crispus Caesar, the sons of the Emperor Constantine and his expected heir, and Flavius Claudius Constantinus begin their one year terms as the new Roman consuls.
  • June – The earliest known use of the Greek word monachós to refer to a monk is made in a petition filed in Egypt by a man named Aurelius Isidorus, a man from the town of Karanis in Egypt.[5]
  • July 3Battle of Adrianople: Emperor Constantine the Great defeats his rival Licinius near Adrianople, forcing him to retreat to Byzantium. Constantine then invades Thrace with a Visigothic force and raids the countryside.[6]
  • JulyBattle of the Hellespont: Flavius Julius Crispus, the designated heir of his father Constantine, destroys the naval fleet of Licinius in the Dardanelles, allowing Constantine to cross over the Bosphorus into Asian provinces. Byzantium is besieged and Licinius assembles a second military force, under his newly elevated co-emperor Martinian at Lampsacus (modern-day Lapseki).[6]
  • September 18Battle of Chrysopolis: Constantine I definitively defeats Licinius at Chrysopolis, and becomes sole Emperor, thus ending the period of the Tetrarchy. Licinius escapes and gathers around 30,000 of his surviving troops at Nicomedia.[6] Thus, the Civil wars of the Tetrarchy, which began in 306, end with Constantine ruling as sole Emperor.
  • November 8 – Emperor Constantine declares his son, Flavius Julius Constantius, to the rank of caesar, designating Flavius as his successor. Flavius will ascend the throne as Constantine the Second in 337 AD.Jones, A.H.M.; J.R. Martindale & J. Morris (1971). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire Volume 1: A.D. 260–395. Cambridge University Press. p. 226. ISBN 0-521-07233-6.
  • December 19 – Licinius abdicates his position as Emperor. He is pardoned by Constantine I as a result of the supplication of his wife Constantia (who is Constantine's halfsister), and banished to Thessalonica as a private citizen.
  • (Date unknown) The Roman Emperor Constantine I seizes the Byzantine Empire's capital, Byzantium, and commences work on rebuilding the city as the Eastern Empire's capital, which he will inaugurate as Constantinople in 330.
  • Constantine reorganises the Roman army in smaller units classified into three grades: palatini, (imperial escort armies); comitatenses, (forces based in frontier provinces) and limitanei (auxilia border troops).[7]

325

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Roman Empire
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China
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Art
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Religion
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326

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Roman Empire
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Religion
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327

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Roman Empire
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Religion
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328

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Roman Empire
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Religion
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329

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China
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Religion
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  • Roman restrictions on joining the clergy are initiated.
  1. ^ Hans Pohlsander, Crispus Caesar (317-326 A.D.)
  2. ^ Tej Ram Sharma (1989). A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta. Concept. ISBN 978-81-7022-251-4.
  3. ^ Toch, Michael (2013-01-01), "Appendix Three Places of Jewish Settlement in France and Germany", The Economic History of European Jews, Brill, pp. 289–310, doi:10.1163/9789004235397_014, ISBN 978-90-04-23539-7, retrieved 2024-02-03
  4. ^ "The stirrup and its effect on chinese military history". www.silkroadfoundation.org. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
  5. ^ "The Earliest Use of Monachos for 'Monk' and the Origins of Monasticism", by Edwin A. Judge, in Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum 20 (1977): 72–89.
  6. ^ a b c "Zosimus, New History. London: Green and Chaplin (1814). Book 2". www.tertullian.org. Retrieved 2023-06-09.
  7. ^ The Oxford Dictionary Of Byzantium Volume 1. 1991. p. 508. ISBN 9780195187922.
  8. ^ Scarre, Christopher (2012). Chronicle of the Roman Emperors: The Reign-by-reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial Rome. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28989-1.
  9. ^ Guthrie, Patrick (1966). "The Execution of Crispus". Phoenix. 20 (4): 325–331. doi:10.2307/1087057. ISSN 0031-8299.
  10. ^ Woods, David (April 1998). "On the Death of the Empress Fausta". Greece & Rome. 45 (1): 70–86. doi:10.1093/gr/45.1.70. ISSN 1477-4550.
  11. ^ Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1.
  12. ^ Kayaalp, Elif Keser (2021). Church Architecture of Late Antique Northern Mesopotamia. Oxford University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-19-886493-6.
  13. ^ Giles, H. Preston; Maiden, A. R. (1931). A Guide to the Island of Cyprus. Cyprus Publications. p. 57.
  14. ^ Giurescu, Constantin C.; Matei, Horia C. (1974). Chronological History of Romania. Editura enciclopedică română. p. 34.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  15. ^ Bellamy, James A. (1985). "A New Reading of the Namārah Inscription". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 105 (1): 31–51. doi:10.2307/601538. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 601538.
  16. ^ Leithart, Peter J. (2011). Athanasius. Baker Academic. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8010-3942-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)