| 681 series | |
|---|---|
 A JR-West 681 series train on a Thunderbird service in April 2022 | |
| Manufacturer | Niigata Transys, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Kinki Sharyo, Hitachi |
| Constructed | 1992 (Prototype set) 1995–1997 |
| Entered service | 1992 |
| Refurbished | 2015–2018 |
| Scrapped | 2015– |
| Number built | 102 vehicles |
| Number in service | 99 vehicles (as of 1 October 2015[update])[1] |
| Number scrapped | 3 vehicles[1] |
| Formation | 3/6 cars per trainset |
| Operators | JR-West (1992–) Hokuetsu Express (1997–2015) |
| Depots | Kyoto, Kanazawa |
| Lines served | Tokaido Main Line, Kosei Line, Hokuriku Main Line, Nanao Line, Shinetsu Main Line, Joetsu Line, Hokuetsu Express Hokuhoku Line |
| Specifications | |
| Car body construction | Steel |
| Maximum speed | 160 km/h (100 mph) (Hokuhoku Line)[2] 130 km/h (80 mph) (JR lines) |
| Traction system | Thyristor drive + Variable frequency (GTO) |
| Acceleration | 1.8 km/h/s (1.2 mph/s)[3] |
| Deceleration | 5.5 km/h/s (3.4 mph/s)[citation needed] |
| Electric system(s) | 20 kV AC 60 Hz / 1,500 V DC overhead |
| Current collector(s) | WPS27C scissors-type pantograph |
| Braking system(s) | Regenerative brake, electronically controlled pneumatic brakes, snow-resistant brake |
| Safety system(s) | ATS-SW, ATS-P |
| Multiple working | 683 series |
| Track gauge | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) |
The 681 series (681系, 681-kei) is a dual-voltage electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR-West) on limited express services in Japan.
- ^ a b JR電車編成表 2016冬 [JR EMU Formations – Winter 2016] (in Japanese). Japan: Kotsu Shimbunsha. November 2015. pp. 359, 422. ISBN 978-4-330-62315-3.
- ^ JR全車輌ハンドブック2006 [JR Rolling Stock Handbook 2006] (in Japanese). Japan: Neko Publishing. 2006. ISBN 978-4-7770-0453-9.