Abraham Accords

For the individual documents, see Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement, Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement, Israel–Sudan normalization agreement, and Israel–Morocco normalization agreement.

Abraham Accords
Representatives (left-to-right):
TypeNormalization treaty
ContextArab–Israeli conflict
SignedSeptember 15, 2020
LocationWashington, D.C., United States
Negotiators United States
Signatories Israel
September 15, 2020:
December 22, 2020:
January 6, 2021:
Languages
  • English
  • Arabic
  • Hebrew

The Abraham Accords are bilateral agreements on Arab–Israeli normalization signed between Israel and the United Arab Emirates and between Israel and Bahrain on September 15, 2020.[1][2] Mediated by the United States, the announcement of August 13, 2020, concerned Israel and the Emirates before the subsequent announcement of an agreement between Israel and Bahrain on September 11, 2020. On September 15, 2020, the signing of the agreements was hosted by US president Trump on the Truman Balcony of the White House amid elaborate staging intended to evoke the signings of historic formal peace treaties in prior administrations.[3][4][5]

As part of the two agreements, both the Emirates and Bahrain recognized Israel's sovereignty, enabling the establishment of full diplomatic relations. Israel's initial agreement with the Emirates marked the first instance of Israel establishing diplomatic relations with an Arab country since 1994, when the Israel–Jordan peace treaty came into effect.[6] The agreements were named "Abraham Accords" to highlight the common belief of Judaism and Islam in the prophet Abraham.[7][8]

On October 23, 2020, Israel and Sudan agreed to normalize ties; the agreement is unratified as of 2024.[9] As part of the agreement, the US removed Sudan from its list of state sponsors of terrorism and gave them a US$1.2 billion loan.[10] On January 6, 2021, the government of Sudan signed the "Abraham Accords Declaration" in Khartoum.[11] On December 22, 2020, the Israel–Morocco normalization agreement was signed. In exchange for Morocco's recognition of Israeli sovereignty, the United States recognized Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara.[12]

  1. ^ "Moroccan Foreign Minister Bourita Says Abraham Accords Provide "Incredible Momentum" for Peace in Middle East | AJC". www.ajc.org. June 12, 2023.
  2. ^ Federico-O'Murchú, Seán (August 13, 2020). "Read the full statement by the US, Israel and UAE on normalizing Israel-UAE relations". CNN. Archived from the original on 2020-11-15. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Riechmann, Deb; Lee, Matthew; Lemire, Jonathan (September 15, 2020). "Israel signs pacts with 2 Arab states: A 'new' Mideast?". Washington Post. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  5. ^ "The Abraham Accords". U.S. Department of States. Archived from the original on 2020-10-22. Retrieved 2020-09-21.
  6. ^ "Israel, UAE and Bahrain sign Abraham Accord; Trump says "dawn of new Middle East"". The Hindu. Press Trust of India. September 16, 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-09-19. Retrieved 2020-09-21.
  7. ^ Meuse, Alison Tahmizian (September 16, 2020). "Israel inks twin Arab treaties with UAE, Bahrain". Asia Times. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
  8. ^ "The Abraham Accords Declaration". State.gov. U.S. State Department. September 15, 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-09-20. Retrieved September 4, 2022.
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference threaten was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Lawder, David (7 January 2021). Ellis, Aurora (ed.). "U.S. Treasury signs loan deal to clear Sudan's $1.2 billion World Bank arrears". Reuters.
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference QuietlySign was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Kelemen, Michele (December 10, 2020). "Morocco Agrees To Join Trump Administration's Abraham Accords". NPR. Retrieved 2022-11-21.