Addiction

"Addictive" redirects here. For other uses, see Addiction (disambiguation) and Addictive (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Psychological dependence.

Addiction
Other namesAddictive behaviour (e.g., substance use disorder, sexual addiction), dependence, addictive disorder, addiction disorder
PET images showing brain metabolism in drug addicts vs controls
Brain positron emission tomography images that compare brain metabolism in a healthy individual and an individual with a cocaine addiction
SpecialtyPsychiatry, clinical psychology, toxicology, addiction medicine
SymptomsCompulsive urge to engage in rewarding activity despite negative consequences

Addiction is a neuropsychological disorder characterized by a persistent and intense urge to use a drug or engage in a behavior that produces natural reward, despite substantial harm and other negative consequences. Repetitive drug use often alters brain function in ways that perpetuate craving, and weakens (but does not completely negate) self-control.[1] This phenomenon – drugs reshaping brain function – has led to an understanding of addiction as a brain disorder with a complex variety of psychosocial as well as neurobiological (and thus involuntary)[a] factors that are implicated in the development of addiction.[2][3][4]

Classic signs of addiction include compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli, preoccupation with substances or behavior, and continued use despite negative consequences. Habits and patterns associated with addiction are typically characterized by immediate gratification (short-term reward),[5][6] coupled with delayed deleterious effects (long-term costs).[3][7]

Examples of substance addiction include alcoholism, cannabis addiction, amphetamine addiction, cocaine addiction, nicotine addiction, opioid addiction, and eating or food addiction. Behavioral addictions may include gambling addiction, shopping addiction, stalking, internet addiction, social media addiction, video game addiction, and sexual addiction. The DSM-5 and ICD-10 only recognize gambling addictions as behavioral addictions, but the ICD-11 also recognizes gaming addictions.[8]

  1. ^ a b Heilig M, MacKillop J, Martinez D, Rehm J, Leggio L, Vanderschuren LJ (September 2021). "Addiction as a brain disease revised: why it still matters, and the need for consilience". Neuropsychopharmacology. 46 (10): 1715–1723. doi:10.1038/s41386-020-00950-y. ISSN 0893-133X. PMC 8357831. PMID 33619327. pre-existing vulnerabilities and persistent drug use lead to a vicious circle of substantive disruptions in the brain that impair and undermine choice capacities for adaptive behavior, but do not annihilate them.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Cellular basis was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b "Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction – Drug Misuse and Addiction". www.drugabuse.gov. North Bethesda, Maryland: National Institute on Drug Abuse. 13 July 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  4. ^ Henden E (2017). "Addiction, Compulsion, and Weakness of the Will: A Dual-Process Perspective.". In Heather N, Gabriel S (eds.). Addiction and Choice: Rethinking the Relationship. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 116–132.
  5. ^ Angres DH, Bettinardi-Angres K (October 2008). "The disease of addiction: origins, treatment, and recovery". Disease-a-Month. 54 (10): 696–721. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2008.07.002. PMID 18790142.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference NHM addiction-reward-reinforcement was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Marlatt GA, Baer JS, Donovan DM, Kivlahan DR (1988). "Addictive behaviors: etiology and treatment". Annu Rev Psychol. 39: 223–52. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.39.020188.001255. PMID 3278676.
  8. ^ ME (12 September 2019). "Gaming Addiction in ICD-11: Issues and Implications". Psychiatric Times. Psychiatric Times Vol 36, Issue 9. 36 (9). Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.


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