Adelson is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Edward H. Adelson, American neuroscientist
- Jake Adelson, Australian professional footballer
- Jay Adelson, American Internet entrepreneur
- Merv Adelson, American real estate developer and television producer who co-founded Lorimar Television
- Andrew Adelson, American television producer, son of Merv Adelson, spouse of Orly
- Orly Adelson, American Israeli television producer, spouse of Andrew
- Gary Adelson, American television producer, son of Merv Adelson
- Steven A. Adelson, American film director and television director
- Michael Adelson, American orchestral conductor
- Miriam Adelson, Israeli American philanthropist and doctor, spouse of Sheldon Adelson
- Sheldon Adelson, American casino magnate, spouse of Miriam Adelson
- Tom Adelson, American politician
- Warren Adelson, American art dealer, art historian, and author