Alfa Romeo Twin Spark engine

Alfa Romeo Twin Spark engine
Overview
Manufacturer	Alfa Romeo Auto (1986) Alfa-Lancia Industriale (1987-1991) Fiat Auto (1991-2007) Fiat Group Automobiles (2007-2009)
Production	1986–2009
Layout
Configuration	Naturally aspirated straight-4
Displacement	1.4 L (1,370 cc) 1.6 L (1,598 cc) 1.7 L (1,747 cc) 1.7 L (1,749 cc) 1.8 L (1,773 cc) 2.0 L (1,962 cc) 2.0 L (1,970 cc) 2.0 L (1,995 cc)
Cylinder block material	Aluminium (Alfa Romeo Twin Cam engine) Cast iron (Fiat Pratola Serra modular engines)
Cylinder head material	Aluminum
Valvetrain	DOHC 2/4 valves per cylinder
Combustion
Fuel system	Carburetor, Fuel injection
Fuel type	Petrol
Output
Power output	103–155 PS (76–114 kW; 102–153 bhp)
Chronology
Predecessor	Alfa Romeo Twin Cam
Successor	Alfa Romeo JTS engine

Alfa Romeo Twin Spark (TS) technology was used for the first time in the Alfa Romeo Grand Prix car in 1914.^[1] In the early 1960s it was used in their race cars (GTA, TZ) to enable it to achieve a higher power output from its engines. And in the early and middle 1980s, Alfa Romeo incorporated this technology into their road cars to enhance their performance and to comply with stricter emission controls.