| Alkaline phosphatase | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Ribbon diagram (rainbow-color, N-terminus = blue, C-terminus = red) of the dimeric structure of bacterial alkaline phosphatase.[1] | |||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC no. | 3.1.3.1 | ||||||||
| CAS no. | 9001-78-9 | ||||||||
| Alt. names | alkaline phosphomonoesterase, alkaline phosphatase, alkaline phosphohydrolase, alkaline phenyl phosphatase | ||||||||
| Databases | |||||||||
| IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Alkaline phosphatase | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Structure of alkaline phosphatase.[1] | |||||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||||
| Symbol | Alk_phosphatase | ||||||||||
| Pfam | PF00245 | ||||||||||
| Pfam clan | CL0088 | ||||||||||
| ECOD | 7515.1.1 | ||||||||||
| InterPro | IPR001952 | ||||||||||
| SMART | SM00098 | ||||||||||
| PROSITE | PDOC00113 | ||||||||||
| SCOP2 | 1alk / SCOPe / SUPFAM | ||||||||||
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The enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP, alkaline phenyl phosphatase) is a phosphatase with the physiological role of dephosphorylating compounds. The enzyme is found across a multitude of organisms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes alike, with the same general function, but in different structural forms suitable to the environment they function in. Alkaline phosphatase is found in the periplasmic space of E. coli bacteria. This enzyme is heat stable and has its maximum activity at high pH. In humans, it is found in many forms depending on its origin within the body – it plays an integral role in metabolism within the liver and development within the skeleton. Due to its widespread prevalence in these areas, its concentration in the bloodstream is used by diagnosticians as a biomarker in helping determine diagnoses such as hepatitis or osteomalacia.[2]
The level of alkaline phosphatase in the blood is checked through the ALP test, which is often part of routine blood tests. The levels of this enzyme in the blood depend on factors such as age, sex, or blood type.[2] Blood levels of alkaline phosphatase also increase by two to four times during pregnancy. This is a result of additional alkaline phosphatase produced by the placenta and the liver.[3][4] Additionally, abnormal levels of alkaline phosphatase in the blood could indicate issues relating to the liver, gall bladder or bones. Kidney tumors and infections as well as malnutrition have also shown abnormal level of alkaline phosphatase in blood.[2] Alkaline phosphatase levels in a cell can be measured through a process called "The scoring method". A blood smear is usually taken and stained to categorize each leukocyte into specific "leukocyte alkaline phosphatase indices". This marker is designed to distinguish leukocytes and determine different enzyme activity from each sample's extent of staining.[5]
- ^ a b PDB: 1ALK: Kim EE, Wyckoff HW (March 1991). "Reaction mechanism of alkaline phosphatase based on crystal structures. Two-metal ion catalysis". Journal of Molecular Biology. 218 (2): 449–64. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(91)90724-K. PMID 2010919.
- ^ a b c Lowe D, Sanvictores T, Zubair M, et al. (4 November 2022). "Alkaline phosphatase". StatPearls. PMID 29083622. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
- ^ Shipman KE, Holt AD, Gama R (April 2013). "Interpreting an isolated raised serum alkaline phosphatase level in an asymptomatic patient". BMJ. 346: f976. doi:10.1136/bmj.f976. PMID 23553977. S2CID 20385424.
- ^ Gronowski AM (2004). "Human Pregnancy". Handbook of Clinical Laboratory Testing During Pregnancy. Humana Press. pp. 1–13. doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-787-1_1. ISBN 978-1-4684-9862-2.
- ^ Kaplow LS (October 1955). "A histochemical procedure for localizing and evaluating leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity in smears of blood and marrow" (PDF). Blood. 10 (10): 1023–9. doi:10.1182/blood.v10.10.1023.1023. PMID 13260361.