Jean-Baptiste du Val-de-Grâce, baron de Cloots (24 June 1755 – 24 March 1794), better known as Anacharsis Cloots (also spelled Clootz), was a Prussian nobleman who was a significant figure in the French Revolution.[1][2][3] Perhaps the first to advocate a world parliament, long before Albert Camus and Albert Einstein, he was a world federalist and an internationalist anarchist. He was nicknamed "orator of mankind", "citizen of humanity" and "a personal enemy of God".[4] American author Herman Melville refers to an "Anacharsis Clootz delegation" as a representation of global humanity in both Moby-Dick (1851), The Confidence-Man, and later in Billy Budd.[5][6]
- ^ Doyle, William (1989); The Oxford History of the French Revolution; Clarendon Press. See p. 160: "... Anacharsis Clootz, a wealthy Prussian nobleman, who had left France in 1785 vowing never to return until the Bastille had fallen."
- ^ Bevilacqua, Alexander (2012). "Conceiving the Republic of Mankind: The Political Thought of Anacharsis Cloots". History of European Ideas. 38 (4): 550–569. doi:10.1080/01916599.2011.648772. ISSN 0191-6599. S2CID 145177201.
- ^ Poulsen, Frank Ejby (2018). A cosmopolitan republican in the French revolution : the political thought of Anacharsis Cloots (Thesis). European University Institute. doi:10.2870/772327.
- ^ Siegfried Weichlein, "Cosmopolitanism, Patriotism, Nationalism", Unity and Diversity in European Culture C. 1800, ed. Tim Blanning and Hagen Schulze (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 96.
- ^ Poulsen (2023), p. 41.
- ^ Chapter 27 "Knights and Squires," Moby Dick (1851); Melville, Herman (2017). Billy Budd, Sailor and Other Uncompleted Writings. Evanston, Il: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 978-0810111134.