Anne Frank | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Frank in May 1942, two months before she and her family went into hiding | |
| Born | Annelies Marie Frank 12 June 1929 Frankfurt, Prussia, Weimar Republic |
| Died | c. February or March 1945 (aged 15) Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, Nazi Germany |
| Resting place | Bergen-Belsen concentration camp |
| Occupation | Diarist |
| Language |
|
| Nationality | |
| Citizenship |
|
| Education |
|
| Genre |
|
| Parents |
|
| Relatives |
|
| Signature | |
 | |
Annelies Marie "Anne" Frank (German: [ˈanə(liːs maˈʁiː) ˈfʁaŋk] , Dutch: [ˌɑnəˈlis maːˈri ˈfrɑŋk, ˈɑnə ˈfrɑŋk] ; 12 June 1929 – c. February or March 1945)[1] was a German-born Jewish girl who kept a diary documenting her life in hiding amid Nazi persecution during the German occupation of the Netherlands. A celebrated diarist, Frank described everyday life from her family's hiding place in an Amsterdam attic. She gained fame posthumously and became one of the most-discussed Jewish victims of the Holocaust with the 1947 publication of The Diary of a Young Girl (originally Het Achterhuis in Dutch, lit. 'the back house'; English: The Secret Annex), which documents her life in hiding from 1942 to 1944. It is one of the world's best-known books and has been the basis for several plays and films.
Frank was born in Frankfurt, Germany, in 1929. In 1934, when she was four-and-a-half, Frank and her family moved to Amsterdam in the Netherlands after Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party gained control over Germany. By May 1940, the family was trapped in Amsterdam by the German occupation of the Netherlands. Frank lost her German citizenship in 1941 and became stateless. Despite spending most of her life in the Netherlands and being a de facto Dutch national,[2] she never officially became a Dutch citizen. As persecutions of the Jewish population increased in July 1942, the family went into hiding in concealed rooms behind a bookcase in the building where Frank's father, Otto Frank, worked. The hiding place is notably referred to as the "secret annex". Until the family's arrest by the Gestapo on 4 August 1944, Frank kept and regularly wrote in a diary she had received as a birthday present in 1942.
Following their arrest, the Franks were transported to concentration camps. On 1 November 1944,[3] Anne Frank and her sister, Margot, were transferred from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where they died (presumably of typhus) a few months later. They were estimated by the Red Cross to have died in March, with Dutch authorities setting 31 March as the official date. Later research has alternatively suggested that they may have died in February or early March.
Otto, the only Holocaust survivor in the Frank family, returned to Amsterdam after World War II to find that Anne's diary had been saved by his female secretaries, Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl. Moved by his daughter's repeated wishes to be an author, Otto Frank published her diary in 1947.[4] It was translated from its original Dutch version and first published in English in 1952 as The Diary of a Young Girl, and has since been translated into over 70 languages.[5]
- ^ Research by The Anne Frank House in 2015 revealed that Frank may have died in February 1945 rather than in March, as Dutch authorities had long assumed. "New research sheds new light on Anne Frank's last months" Archived 24 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine. AnneFrank.org, 31 March 2015
- ^ "How citizenship eluded Anne Frank? | Citizenship by Investment Journal". 22 November 2019. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
- ^ Von Benda-Beckmann, Bas (2020). Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen. Amsterdam: Querido. p. 217. ISBN 978-9021423920.
- ^ Van der Rol, Verhoeven (1995). Anne Frank Beyond the Diary: a Photographic Remembrance. New York: Puffin/Viking. pp. 80, 103. ISBN 978-0140369267.
- ^ "The publication of the diary". 15 October 2018. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2021.