Episode in Earth climate history
Record of atmospheric temperature taken from EPICA ice core in Antarctica.
The Antarctic Cold Reversal (ACR ) was a climatic event of intense atmospheric and oceanic cooling across the southern hemisphere (>40°S) between 14,700 and 13,000 years before present (BP ) that interrupted the most recent deglacial climate warming (c. 18,000-11,500 years BP).[ 1] [ 2] This cooling event was initially well noted in Antarctic ice core records.[ 2] [ 3] [ 4] [ 5] Soon after, evidence from sediment cores and glacial advances from land masses (southern South America ,[ 6] [ 7] [ 8] [ 9] [ 10] [ 11] [ 12] New Zealand ,[ 13] [ 14] [ 15] [ 16] Tasmania ,[ 17] [ 18] among others[ 19] ) and Oceanic sectors[ 20] south of 40°S expanded the region of this climate cooling event. The ACR illustrates the complexity of the climate changes at the transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene Epochs.[ 1]
In general, climate models show a 1.5-2 °C[ 1] drop in Antarctica and other temperate regions where glacial readvances[ 7] [ 12] [ 13] are typically evident. Climate continued to warm after 13,000 years BP and glaciers showed signs of abrupt withdrawal from their respective ACR aged moraines . The mechanisms behind the atmospheric and oceanic reorganization are still debated, although strengthening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturnig Circulation is alluded to in general.[ 1] [ 5]
^ a b c d Pedro, Joel B.; Bostock, Helen C.; Bitz, Cecilia M.; He, Feng; Vandergoes, Marcus J.; Steig, Eric J.; Chase, Brian M.; Krause, Claire E.; Rasmussen, Sune O.; Markle, Bradley R.; Cortese, Giuseppe (January 2016). "The spatial extent and dynamics of the Antarctic Cold Reversal" . Nature Geoscience . 9 (1): 51–55. Bibcode :2016NatGe...9...51P . doi :10.1038/ngeo2580 . ISSN 1752-0894 .
^ a b Pedro, J. B.; van Ommen, T. D.; Rasmussen, S. O.; Morgan, V. I.; Chappellaz, J.; Moy, A. D.; Masson-Delmotte, V.; Delmotte, M. (2011-06-24). "The last deglaciation: timing the bipolar seesaw" . Climate of the Past . 7 (2): 671–683. Bibcode :2011CliPa...7..671P . doi :10.5194/cp-7-671-2011 . ISSN 1814-9332 .
^ Jouzel, J.; Masson, V.; Cattani, O.; Falourd, S.; Stievenard, M.; Stenni, B.; Longinelli, A.; Johnsen, S. J.; Steffenssen, J. P.; Petit, J. R.; Schwander, J.; Souchez, R.; Barkov, N. I. (2001-08-15). "A new 27 ky high resolution East Antarctic climate record" . Geophysical Research Letters . 28 (16): 3199–3202. Bibcode :2001GeoRL..28.3199J . doi :10.1029/2000GL012243 . ISSN 0094-8276 .
^ Jouzel, J; Vaikmae, R; Petit, J R; Martin, M; Duclos, Y; Stievenard, M; Lorius, C; Toots, M; Mélières, M A; Burckle, L H; Barkov, N I; Kotlyakov, V M (April 1995). "The two-step shape and timing of the last deglaciation in Antarctica" . Climate Dynamics . 11 (3): 151–161. Bibcode :1995ClDy...11..151J . doi :10.1007/BF00223498 . ISSN 0930-7575 .
^ a b Stenni, Barbara; Masson-Delmotte, Valerie; Johnsen, Sigfus; Jouzel, Jean; Longinelli, Antonio; Monnin, Eric; Röthlisberger, Regine; Selmo, Enrico (2001-09-14). "An Oceanic Cold Reversal During the Last Deglaciation" . Science . 293 (5537): 2074–2077. Bibcode :2001Sci...293.2074S . doi :10.1126/science.1059702 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 11557889 .
^ Mendelová, Monika; Hein, Andrew S.; Rodés, Ángel; Smedley, Rachel K.; Xu, Sheng (January 2020). "Glacier expansion in central Patagonia during the Antarctic Cold Reversal followed by retreat and stabilisation during the Younger Dryas" . Quaternary Science Reviews . 227 : 106047. Bibcode :2020QSRv..22706047M . doi :10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106047 . hdl :20.500.11820/44a43194-9789-48e5-9524-5074a2c7dbc8 .
^ a b Sagredo, Esteban A.; Kaplan, Michael R.; Araya, Paola S.; Lowell, Thomas V.; Aravena, Juan C.; Moreno, Patricio I.; Kelly, Meredith A.; Schaefer, Joerg M. (May 2018). "Trans-pacific glacial response to the Antarctic Cold Reversal in the southern mid-latitudes" . Quaternary Science Reviews . 188 : 160–166. Bibcode :2018QSRv..188..160S . doi :10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.01.011 .
^ Moreno, P.I.; Kaplan, M.R.; François, J.P.; Villa-Martínez, R.; Moy, C.M.; Stern, C.R.; Kubik, P.W. (April 2009). "Renewed glacial activity during the Antarctic cold reversal and persistence of cold conditions until 11.5 ka in southwestern Patagonia" . Geology . 37 (4): 375–378. Bibcode :2009Geo....37..375M . doi :10.1130/G25399A.1 . ISSN 1943-2682 .
^ García, Juan L.; Kaplan, Michael R.; Hall, Brenda L.; Schaefer, Joerg M.; Vega, Rodrigo M.; Schwartz, Roseanne; Finkel, Robert (September 2012). "Glacier expansion in southern Patagonia throughout the Antarctic cold reversal" . Geology . 40 (9): 859–862. Bibcode :2012Geo....40..859G . doi :10.1130/G33164.1 . ISSN 1943-2682 .
^ Moreno, P.I.; Fercovic, E.I.; Soteres, R.L.; Ugalde, P.I.; Sagredo, E.A.; Villa-Martínez, R.P. (December 2022). "Glacier and terrestrial ecosystem evolution in the Chilotan archipelago sector of northwestern Patagonia since the Last Glacial Termination" . Earth-Science Reviews . 235 : 104240. Bibcode :2022ESRv..23504240M . doi :10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104240 .
^ Reynhout, Scott A.; Kaplan, Michael R.; Sagredo, Esteban A.; Aravena, Juan Carlos; Soteres, Rodrigo L.; Schwartz, Roseanne; Schaefer, Joerg M. (January 2022). "Holocene glacier history of northeastern Cordillera Darwin, southernmost South America (55°S)" . Quaternary Research . 105 : 166–181. Bibcode :2022QuRes.105..166R . doi :10.1017/qua.2021.45 . ISSN 0033-5894 .
^ a b Soteres, Rodrigo L.; Sagredo, Esteban A.; Kaplan, Michael R.; Martini, Mateo A.; Moreno, Patricio I.; Reynhout, Scott A.; Schwartz, Roseanne; Schaefer, Joerg M. (2022-06-27). "Glacier fluctuations in the northern Patagonian Andes (44°S) imply wind-modulated interhemispheric in-phase climate shifts during Termination 1" . Scientific Reports . 12 (1): 10842. Bibcode :2022NatSR..1210842S . doi :10.1038/s41598-022-14921-4 . ISSN 2045-2322 . PMC 9237032 . PMID 35761034 .
^ a b Putnam, Aaron E.; Denton, George H.; Schaefer, Joerg M.; Barrell, David J. A.; Andersen, Bjørn G.; Finkel, Robert C.; Schwartz, Roseanne; Doughty, Alice M.; Kaplan, Michael R.; Schlüchter, Christian (October 2010). "Glacier advance in southern middle-latitudes during the Antarctic Cold Reversal" . Nature Geoscience . 3 (10): 700–704. Bibcode :2010NatGe...3..700P . doi :10.1038/ngeo962 . ISSN 1752-0894 .
^ Tielidze, Levan G.; Eaves, Shaun R.; Norton, Kevin P.; Mackintosh, Andrew N.; Pedro, Joel B.; Hidy, Alan J. (May 2023). "Early glacier advance in New Zealand during the Antarctic Cold Reversal" . Journal of Quaternary Science . 38 (4): 544–562. Bibcode :2023JQS....38..544T . doi :10.1002/jqs.3495 . ISSN 0267-8179 .
^ Vandergoes, Marcus J.; Dieffenbacher-Krall, Ann C.; Newnham, Rewi M.; Denton, George H.; Blaauw, Maarten (March 2008). "Cooling and changing seasonality in the Southern Alps, New Zealand during the Antarctic Cold Reversal" . Quaternary Science Reviews . 27 (5–6): 589–601. Bibcode :2008QSRv...27..589V . doi :10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.11.015 .
^ Hajdas, Irka; Lowe, David J.; Newnham, Rewi M.; Bonani, Georges (March 2006). "Timing of the late-glacial climate reversal in the Southern Hemisphere using high-resolution radiocarbon chronology for Kaipo Bog, New Zealand" . Quaternary Research . 65 (2): 340–345. Bibcode :2006QuRes..65..340H . doi :10.1016/j.yqres.2005.08.028 . ISSN 0033-5894 .
^ Fletcher, Michael-Shawn; Pedro, Joel; Hall, Tegan; Mariani, Michela; Alexander, Joseph A.; Beck, Kristen; Blaauw, Maarten; Hodgson, Dominic A.; Heijnis, Henk; Gadd, Patricia S.; Lise-Pronovost, Agathe (November 2021). "Northward shift of the southern westerlies during the Antarctic Cold Reversal" . Quaternary Science Reviews . 271 : 107189. Bibcode :2021QSRv..27107189F . doi :10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107189 .
^ Henríquez, William I.; Fletcher, Michael-Shawn; Romano, Anthony (October 2023). "Vegetation, fire and climate history in central-western Tasmania (41°S), Australia, over the last ∼21,000 years" . Quaternary Science Reviews . 318 : 108315. Bibcode :2023QSRv..31808315H . doi :10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108315 .
^ Graham, Alastair G. C.; Kuhn, Gerhard; Meisel, Ove; Hillenbrand, Claus-Dieter; Hodgson, Dominic A.; Ehrmann, Werner; Wacker, Lukas; Wintersteller, Paul; dos Santos Ferreira, Christian; Römer, Miriam; White, Duanne; Bohrmann, Gerhard (2017-03-17). "Major advance of South Georgia glaciers during the Antarctic Cold Reversal following extensive sub-Antarctic glaciation" . Nature Communications . 8 (1): 14798. Bibcode :2017NatCo...814798G . doi :10.1038/ncomms14798 . ISSN 2041-1723 . PMC 5357866 . PMID 28303885 .
^ Fogwill, C. J.; Turney, C. S. M.; Menviel, L.; Baker, A.; Weber, M. E.; Ellis, B.; Thomas, Z. A.; Golledge, N. R.; Etheridge, D.; Rubino, M.; Thornton, D. P.; van Ommen, T. D.; Moy, A. D.; Curran, M. A. J.; Davies, S. (July 2020). "Southern Ocean carbon sink enhanced by sea-ice feedbacks at the Antarctic Cold Reversal" . Nature Geoscience . 13 (7): 489–497. Bibcode :2020NatGe..13..489F . doi :10.1038/s41561-020-0587-0 . ISSN 1752-0894 .