Use of any antipsychotic is associated with reductions in brain tissue volumes,[6][7] including white matter reduction,[8] an effect which is dose-dependent and time-dependent.[6][7] A recent controlled trial suggests that second generation antipsychotics[9] combined with intensive psychosocial therapy[10] may potentially prevent pallidal brain volume loss in first episode psychosis.[11][8]
First-generation antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine), known as typical antipsychotics, were first introduced in the 1950s, and others were developed until the early 1970s.[12] Second-generation antipsychotics, known as atypical antipsychotics, arrived with the introduction of clozapine in the early 1970s followed by others (e.g., risperidone).[13] Both generations of medication block receptors in the brain for dopamine, but atypicals block serotonin receptors as well. Third-generation antipsychotics were introduced in the 2000s and offer partial agonism, rather than blockade, of dopamine receptors.[14]Neuroleptic, originating from Greek: νεῦρον (neuron) and λαμβάνω (take hold of)—thus meaning "which takes the nerve"—refers to both common neurological effects and side effects.[15]
^ abMoncrieff J, Leo J (September 2010). "A systematic review of the effects of antipsychotic drugs on brain volume". Psychological Medicine. 40 (9): 1409–1422. doi:10.1017/S0033291709992297. PMID20085668. S2CID23522488.
^please see Chopra et al 2021: Strengths and limitations "only examined risperidone and paliperidone"
^please see Chopra et al 2021: Method Study design
^please see Chopra et al 2021: Introduction, 3rd paragraph, Lieberman JA, et al. 2005 & Shao Y et al 2015, and Chopra et al: Are antipsychotics neuroprotective? 1st paragraph last sentence
^Aringhieri S, Carli M, Kolachalam S, Verdesca V, Cini E, Rossi M, et al. (December 2018). "Molecular targets of atypical antipsychotics: From mechanism of action to clinical differences". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 192: 20–41. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.012. PMID29953902. S2CID49602956.
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