Antony and Cleopatra

For other uses, see Antony and Cleopatra (disambiguation).

Cleopatra: "Sooth, la, I'll help: Thus it must be." Antony and Cleopatra 4.4/11 (Edwin Austin Abbey, 1909)

Antony and Cleopatra is a tragedy by William Shakespeare. The play was first performed around 1607, by the King's Men at either the Blackfriars Theatre or the Globe Theatre.[1][2] Its first appearance in print was in the First Folio published in 1623, under the title The Tragedie of Anthonie, and Cleopatra.

The plot is based on Thomas North's 1579 English translation of Plutarch's Lives (in Ancient Greek) and follows the relationship between Cleopatra and Mark Antony from the time of the Sicilian revolt to Cleopatra's suicide during the War of Actium. The main antagonist is Octavius Caesar, one of Antony's fellow triumvirs of the Second Triumvirate and the first emperor of the Roman Empire. The tragedy is mainly set in the Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Egypt and is characterized by swift shifts in geographical location and linguistic register as it alternates between sensual, imaginative Alexandria and a more pragmatic, austere Rome.

Many consider Shakespeare's Cleopatra, whom Enobarbus describes as having "infinite variety", as one of the most complex and fully developed female characters in the playwright's body of work.[3]: p.45  She is frequently vain and histrionic enough to provoke an audience almost to scorn; at the same time, Shakespeare invests her and Antony with tragic grandeur. These contradictory features have led to famously divided critical responses.[4] It is difficult to classify Antony and Cleopatra as belonging to a single genre. It can be described as a history play (though it does not completely adhere to historical accounts), as a tragedy, as a comedy, as a romance, and according to some critics, such as McCarter,[5] a problem play. All that can be said with certainty is that it is a Roman play. It is perhaps a sequel to another of Shakespeare's tragedies, Julius Caesar.

  1. ^ Barroll, J. Leeds (1965). "The Chronology of Shakespeare's Jacobean Plays and the Dating of Antony and Cleopatra". In Smith, Gordon R. (ed.). Essays on Shakespeare. University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press. pp. 115–162. ISBN 978-0-271-73062-2.
  2. ^ Shakespeare, William (1998). "The Jacobean Antony and Cleopatra". In Madelaine, Richard (ed.). Antony and Cleopatra. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 14–17. ISBN 978-0-521-44306-7.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Neill was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Bevington, David, ed. (1990).Antony and Cleopatra. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 12–14 ISBN 0-521-84833-4.
  5. ^ "Antony & Cleopatra – McCarter Theatre Center".