Apelin

APLN
Identifiers
Aliases	APLN, APEL, XNPEP2, apelin
External IDs	OMIM: 300297; MGI: 1353624; HomoloGene: 8498; GeneCards: APLN; OMA:APLN - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	X chromosome (human)
End	129,654,956 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	X chromosome (mouse)
End	47,123,730 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	C1 segment; ; substantia nigra; ; subthalamic nucleus; ; testicle; ; hypothalamus; ; lateral nuclear group of thalamus; ; amygdala; ; inferior ganglion of vagus nerve; ; external globus pallidus; ; ventral tegmental area;
	Top expressed in
	lumbar subsegment of spinal cord; ; Ileal epithelium; ; pericardium; ; stroma of bone marrow; ; epiblast; ; right ventricle; ; right lung; ; left lung; ; entorhinal cortex; ; digastric muscle;
	More reference expression data
	n/a
Gene ontology
Molecular function	signaling receptor binding; G protein-coupled receptor binding; hormone activity; apelin receptor binding; protein homodimerization activity;
Cellular component	perinuclear region of cytoplasm; extracellular space; extracellular region;
Biological process	positive regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion; negative regulation of vasoconstriction; regulation of the force of heart contraction; regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange; positive regulation of corticotropin secretion; regulation of body fluid levels; immune response; feeding behavior; positive regulation of cell population proliferation; positive regulation of heat generation; lactation; positive regulation of phosphorylation; signal transduction; signaling; apelin receptor signaling pathway; positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor internalization; regulation of signaling receptor activity; G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; drinking behavior; negative regulation of blood pressure; positive regulation of heart contraction; coronary vasculature development; negative regulation of gene expression; negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway; positive regulation of pri-miRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II; negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation; positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation; angiogenesis; multicellular organism development; gastrulation;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	8862
	30878
	ENSG00000171388
	ENSMUSG00000037010
	Q9ULZ1
	Q9R0R4
	NM_017413
	NM_013912
	NP_059109
	NP_038940
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Apelin (also known as APLN) is a peptide that in humans is encoded by the APLN gene.^[5] Apelin is one of two endogenous ligands for the G-protein-coupled APJ receptor^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] that is expressed at the surface of some cell types.^[11] It is widely expressed in various organs such as the heart, lung, kidney, liver, adipose tissue, gastrointestinal tract, brain, adrenal glands, endothelium, and human plasma.

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000171388 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000037010 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Tatemoto K, Hosoya M, Habata Y, Fujii R, Kakegawa T, Zou MX, et al. (October 1998). "Isolation and characterization of a novel endogenous peptide ligand for the human APJ receptor". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 251 (2): 471–476. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.9489. PMID 9792798.
^ Lee DK, Cheng R, Nguyen T, Fan T, Kariyawasam AP, Liu Y, et al. (January 2000). "Characterization of apelin, the ligand for the APJ receptor". Journal of Neurochemistry. 74 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0740034.x. PMID 10617103. S2CID 6548112.
^ Szokodi I, Tavi P, Földes G, Voutilainen-Myllylä S, Ilves M, Tokola H, et al. (September 2002). "Apelin, the novel endogenous ligand of the orphan receptor APJ, regulates cardiac contractility". Circulation Research. 91 (5): 434–440. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000033522.37861.69. PMID 12215493.
^ Kleinz MJ, Davenport AP (August 2005). "Emerging roles of apelin in biology and medicine". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 107 (2): 198–211. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.04.001. PMID 15907343.
^ O'Dowd BF, Heiber M, Chan A, Heng HH, Tsui LC, Kennedy JL, et al. (December 1993). "A human gene that shows identity with the gene encoding the angiotensin receptor is located on chromosome 11". Gene. 136 (1–2): 355–360. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(93)90495-O. PMID 8294032.
^ Devic E, Paquereau L, Vernier P, Knibiehler B, Audigier Y (October 1996). "Expression of a new G protein-coupled receptor X-msr is associated with an endothelial lineage in Xenopus laevis". Mechanisms of Development. 59 (2): 129–140. doi:10.1016/0925-4773(96)00585-0. PMID 8951791. S2CID 17999883.
^ Audigier Y (2006-04-07). "Apelin Receptor". UCSD Nature Molecule Pages. doi:10.1038/mp.a000304.01. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-09-02.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000171388 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000037010 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[Tatemoto_1998-5] Tatemoto K, Hosoya M, Habata Y, Fujii R, Kakegawa T, Zou MX, et al. (October 1998). "Isolation and characterization of a novel endogenous peptide ligand for the human APJ receptor". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 251 (2): 471–476. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.9489. PMID 9792798.

[Lee_2000-6] Lee DK, Cheng R, Nguyen T, Fan T, Kariyawasam AP, Liu Y, et al. (January 2000). "Characterization of apelin, the ligand for the APJ receptor". Journal of Neurochemistry. 74 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0740034.x. PMID 10617103. S2CID 6548112.

[pmid12215493-7] Szokodi I, Tavi P, Földes G, Voutilainen-Myllylä S, Ilves M, Tokola H, et al. (September 2002). "Apelin, the novel endogenous ligand of the orphan receptor APJ, regulates cardiac contractility". Circulation Research. 91 (5): 434–440. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000033522.37861.69. PMID 12215493.

[pmid15907343-8] Kleinz MJ, Davenport AP (August 2005). "Emerging roles of apelin in biology and medicine". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 107 (2): 198–211. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.04.001. PMID 15907343.

[pmid8294032-9] O'Dowd BF, Heiber M, Chan A, Heng HH, Tsui LC, Kennedy JL, et al. (December 1993). "A human gene that shows identity with the gene encoding the angiotensin receptor is located on chromosome 11". Gene. 136 (1–2): 355–360. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(93)90495-O. PMID 8294032.

[pmid8951791-10] Devic E, Paquereau L, Vernier P, Knibiehler B, Audigier Y (October 1996). "Expression of a new G protein-coupled receptor X-msr is associated with an endothelial lineage in Xenopus laevis". Mechanisms of Development. 59 (2): 129–140. doi:10.1016/0925-4773(96)00585-0. PMID 8951791. S2CID 17999883.

[Audigier_2006-11] Audigier Y (2006-04-07). "Apelin Receptor". UCSD Nature Molecule Pages. doi:10.1038/mp.a000304.01. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-09-02.

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