Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar

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The Hindu calendar is based on a geocentric model of the Solar System.^[1] A geocentric model describes the Solar System as seen by an observer on the surface of the Earth.

The Hindu calendar defines nine measures of time (Sanskrit: मान IAST:māna):^[2]

1. brāhma māna
2. divya māna
3. pitraya māna
4. prājāpatya māna
5. guror māna
6. saura māna
7. sāvana māna
8. candra māna
9. nākṣatra māna

Of these, only the last four are in active use^[3] and are explained here.