Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA ), or Shoenfeld's syndrome , is a hypothesised autoimmune disorder proposed by Israeli immunologist Yehuda Shoenfeld in 2011.[ 1] According to Shoenfeld, the syndrome is triggered by exposure to adjuvants and includes four conditions: "post-vaccination symptoms ", macrophagic myofasciitis , Gulf war syndrome , sick building syndrome , and siliconosis .[ 2] [ 3] Shoenfeld alleges that the syndrome is caused by adjuvants such as silicone , tetramethylpentadecane , pristane , and aluminum .[ 4] However, causality is difficult to prove because ASIA only occurs in a small fraction of patients exposed to these adjuvants.[ 5] Additionally, proponents of this theory allege that the disorder can manifest anywhere from 2 days to 23 years after exposure.[ 3] Shoenfeld has also named Sjögren's syndrome as potentially being another facet of ASIA.[ 6]
However, apart from the theoretical concept of ASIA, there is a lack of reproducible evidence for any causal relationship between adjuvant and autoimmune condition.[ 7] A study of 18,000 people showed that there is no merit to the theory of autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants.[ 8]
^ Shoenfeld, Yehuda; Agmon-Levin, Nancy (February 2011). " 'ASIA' - autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants" . Journal of Autoimmunity . 36 (1): 4–8. doi :10.1016/j.jaut.2010.07.003 . ISSN 1095-9157 . PMID 20708902 .
^ Vera-Lastra, O; Medina, G; Cruz-Dominguez Mdel, P; Jara, LJ; Shoenfeld, Y (April 2013). "Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (Shoenfeld's syndrome): clinical and immunological spectrum". Expert Review of Clinical Immunology . 9 (4): 361–73. doi :10.1586/eci.13.2 . PMID 23557271 . S2CID 20667262 .
^ a b Elwood, J. Mark; Linneberg, Allan; Gold, Michael; Gillis, David; Ameratunga, Rohan (1 November 2017). "Evidence Refuting the Existence of Autoimmune/Autoinflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants (ASIA)" . The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice . 5 (6): 1551–1555.e1. doi :10.1016/j.jaip.2017.06.033 . ISSN 2213-2198 . PMID 28888842 . Retrieved 5 May 2019 .
^ Perricone, Carlo; Colafrancesco, Serena; Mazor, Roei D.; Soriano, Alessandra; Agmon-Levin, Nancy; Shoenfeld, Yehuda (December 2013). "Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) 2013: Unveiling the pathogenic, clinical and diagnostic aspects". Journal of Autoimmunity . 47 : 1–16. doi :10.1016/j.jaut.2013.10.004 . PMID 24238833 .
^ West, Sterling (2014). Rheumatology Secrets . Elsevier . p. 597. ISBN 9780323172875 .
^ Colafrancesco, S.; Perricone, C.; Priori, R.; Valesini, G.; Shoenfeld, Y. (June 2014). "Sjögren's syndrome: Another facet of the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA)". Journal of Autoimmunity . 51 : 10–16. doi :10.1016/j.jaut.2014.03.003 . PMID 24774584 .
^ Hawkes D.; et al. (May 2015). "Revisiting adverse reactions to vaccines: A critical appraisal of Autoimmune Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants (ASIA)". J. Autoimmun . 59 : 77–84. doi :10.1016/j.jaut.2015.02.005 . PMID 25794485 .
^ Philadelphia, The Children's Hospital of (17 September 2018). "Vaccines and Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants (ASIA)" . www.chop.edu . Retrieved 5 May 2019 .