Averroes Ibn Rushd | |
|---|---|
| ابن رشد | |
 Statue of Averroes in Córdoba, Spain | |
| Born | 14 April 1126 |
| Died | 11 December 1198 (aged 72) |
| Other names | Abū al-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd The Commentator Ibn Rushd al-Hafid (The Grandson) |
| Era | Medieval, Islamic Golden Age |
| Region | Islamic philosophy |
| School | Aristotelianism |
Main interests | Islamic theology, philosophy, Islamic jurisprudence, medicine, astronomy, physics, linguistics |
Notable ideas | Relation between Islam and philosophy, non-contradiction of reason and revelation, unity of the intellect |
Ibn Rushd (Arabic: ابن رشد; full name in Arabic: أبو الوليد محمد بن أحمد بن رشد, romanized: Abū al-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd; 14 April 1126 – 11 December 1198), often Latinized as Averroes (English: /əˈvɛroʊiːz/), was an Andalusian[1] polymath and jurist who wrote about many subjects, including philosophy, theology, medicine, astronomy, physics, psychology, mathematics, Islamic jurisprudence and law, and linguistics. The author of more than 100 books and treatises,[2][3] his philosophical works include numerous commentaries on Aristotle, for which he was known in the Western world as The Commentator and Father of Rationalism.[4]
Averroes was a strong proponent of Aristotelianism; he attempted to restore what he considered the original teachings of Aristotle and opposed the Neoplatonist tendencies of earlier Muslim thinkers, such as Al-Farabi and Avicenna. He also defended the pursuit of philosophy against criticism by Ashari theologians such as Al-Ghazali. Averroes argued that philosophy was permissible in Islam and even compulsory among certain elites. He also argued scriptural text should be interpreted allegorically if it appeared to contradict conclusions reached by reason and philosophy. In Islamic jurisprudence, he wrote the Bidāyat al-Mujtahid on the differences between Islamic schools of law and the principles that caused their differences. In medicine, he proposed a new theory of stroke, described the signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease for the first time, and might have been the first to identify the retina as the part of the eye responsible for sensing light. His medical book Al-Kulliyat fi al-Tibb, translated into Latin and known as the Colliget, became a textbook in Europe for centuries.
His legacy in the Islamic world was modest for geographical and intellectual reasons. In the West, Averroes was known for his extensive commentaries on Aristotle, many of which were translated into Latin and Hebrew. The translations of his work reawakened western European interest in Aristotle and Greek thinkers, an area of study that had been widely abandoned after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. His thoughts generated controversies in Latin Christendom and triggered a philosophical movement called Averroism based on his writings. His unity of the intellect thesis, proposing that all humans share the same intellect, became one of the best-known and most controversial Averroist doctrines in the West. His works were condemned by the Catholic Church in 1270 and 1277. Although weakened by condemnations and sustained critique from Thomas Aquinas, Latin Averroism continued to attract followers up to the sixteenth century.
- ^ Tamer, Georges (1 February 2011). "Averroism". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 3.
Averroism is a philosophical movement named after the sixth/twelfth-century Andalusian philosopher Ibn Rushd (Averroes, d. 595/1198), which began in the thirteenth century among masters of arts at the University of Paris and continued through the seventeenth century.
- ^ Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). "Averroes". Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 337.
- ^ Stone, Caroline (May–June 2003). "Doctor, Philosopher, Renaissance Man". Saudi Aramco World. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ Gill, John (2009). Andalucía : a cultural history. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 108–110. ISBN 978-0195376104.