Babbar Akali movement

Babbar Akali movement
Photograph of six 'shaheeds' (martyrs) from the Babbar Akali Jatha from 27 February 1926
Active
  • 1921-1925 (Political party & standing army)[1]
  • 1922-1937 (paramilitary)[2]
  • 1937-1943 (fugitive activities)[3]
CountryBritish Punjab, British Raj
TypeParamilitary
Size
  • 1923: 10,000-15,000[4]
  • 1927: 50,000+
  • 1933: ~30,000
Commanders
Ceremonial Chief
  • Kisan Singh Gargaj[5]
Field Marshal
  • Munsha Singh Johal[6]
General
General of the Army
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The Babbar Akali movement was a 1921 splinter group of "militant" Sikhs who broke away from the mainstream Akali movement over the latter's insistence on non-violence over the matter of the restoration of Khalsa Raj (Sikh rule) in Punjab as under the prior Sikh Empire[9] as well as gurdwara reforms in restoring pre-colonial gurdwara environments.[10]

  1. ^ Singh, Harbans. "Babbar Akali Movement". Retrieved 17 December 2011.
  2. ^ Singh, Mohinder (1988). The Akali Struggle: A Retrospect (2nd ed.). Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. pp. 29–35. ISBN 9788171562695.
  3. ^ Singh, Mohinder (1988). The Akali Struggle: A Retrospect (2nd ed.). Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. pp. 34–37. ISBN 9788171562695.
  4. ^ Singh, Bhupinder (2011). "THE ANTI-BRITISH MOVEMENTS FROM GADAR LEHAR TO KIRTI KISAN LEHAR : 1913-1939". Indian Journal of History: 201–204.
  5. ^ Singh, Bhupinder (2011). "THE ANTI-BRITISH MOVEMENTS FROM GADAR LEHAR TO KIRTI KISAN LEHAR : 1913-1939". Indian Journal of History: 190–191.
  6. ^ Singh, Bhupinder (2011). "THE ANTI-BRITISH MOVEMENTS FROM GADAR LEHAR TO KIRTI KISAN LEHAR : 1913-1939". Indian Journal of History: 190–191.
  7. ^ Singh, Bhupinder (2011). "THE ANTI-BRITISH MOVEMENTS FROM GADAR LEHAR TO KIRTI KISAN LEHAR : 1913-1939". Indian Journal of History: 190–191.
  8. ^ Singh, Bhupinder (2011). "THE ANTI-BRITISH MOVEMENTS FROM GADAR LEHAR TO KIRTI KISAN LEHAR : 1913-1939". Indian Journal of History: 190–191.
  9. ^ Singh, Mohinder (1988). The Akali Struggle: A Retrospect (2nd ed.). Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. pp. 22–34. ISBN 9788171562695.
  10. ^ Mukherjee, Mridula (2004-09-22). Peasants in India's non-violent revolution: practice and theory. SAGE. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-0-7619-9686-6. Retrieved 17 December 2011.