Bacteroides

Bacteroides
"Bacteroides biacutis" anaerobically cultured in blood agar medium
Bacteroides biacutis anaerobically cultured in blood agar medium
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacteroidota
Class: Bacteroidia
Order: Bacteroidales
Family: Bacteroidaceae
Genus: Bacteroides
Castellani & Chalmers 1919[1]
Species

Bacteroides is a genus of Gram-negative, obligate anaerobic bacteria. Bacteroides species are non endospore-forming bacilli, and may be either motile or nonmotile, depending on the species.[3] The DNA base composition is 40–48% GC. Unusual in bacterial organisms, Bacteroides membranes contain sphingolipids. They also contain meso-diaminopimelic acid in their peptidoglycan layer.

Bacteroides species are normally mutualistic, making up the most substantial portion of the mammalian gastrointestinal microbiota,[4] where they play a fundamental role in processing of complex molecules to simpler ones in the host intestine.[5][6][7] As many as 1010–1011 cells per gram of human feces have been reported.[8] They can use simple sugars when available; however, the main sources of energy for Bacteroides species in the gut are complex host-derived and plant glycans.[9] Studies indicate that long-term diet is strongly associated with the gut microbiome composition—those who eat plenty of protein and animal fats have predominantly Bacteroides bacteria, while for those who consume more carbohydrates the Prevotella species dominate.[10]

One of the most important clinically is Bacteroides fragilis.[11][12]

Bacteroides melaninogenicus has recently been reclassified and split into Prevotella melaninogenica and Prevotella intermedia.[13]

  1. ^ Castellani, A., and Chalmers, A.J. Manual of Tropical Medicine, 3rd ed. (1919). Williams Wood and Co., New York.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao Parte AC. "Bacteroides". LPSN. Archived from the original on 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
  3. ^ Madigan M, Martinko J, eds. (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-144329-7.
  4. ^ Dorland WA, ed. (2003). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (30th ed.). W.B. Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7216-0146-5.
  5. ^ Wexler HM (October 2007). "Bacteroides: the good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 20 (4): 593–621. doi:10.1128/CMR.00008-07. PMC 2176045. PMID 17934076.
  6. ^ Xu J, Gordon JI (September 2003). "Honor thy symbionts". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (18): 10452–10459. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10010452X. doi:10.1073/pnas.1734063100. PMC 193582. PMID 12923294.
  7. ^ Xu J, Mahowald MA, Ley RE, Lozupone CA, Hamady M, Martens EC, et al. (July 2007). "Evolution of symbiotic bacteria in the distal human intestine". PLOS Biology. 5 (7): e156. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050156. PMC 1892571. PMID 17579514.
  8. ^ Finegold SM, Sutter VL, Mathisen GE (1983). Normal indigenous intestinal flora (pp. 3-31) in Human intestinal microflora in health and disease. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-341280-5.
  9. ^ Martens EC, Chiang HC, Gordon JI (November 2008). "Mucosal glycan foraging enhances fitness and transmission of a saccharolytic human gut bacterial symbiont". Cell Host & Microbe. 4 (5): 447–457. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2008.09.007. PMC 2605320. PMID 18996345.
  10. ^ Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen YY, Keilbaugh SA, et al. (October 2011). "Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes". Science. 334 (6052): 105–108. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..105W. doi:10.1126/science.1208344. PMC 3368382. PMID 21885731.
  11. ^ Appleman MD, Heseltine PN, Cherubin CE (Jan 1990). "Epidemiology, antimicrobial susceptibility, pathogenicity, and significance of Bacteroides fragilis group organisms isolated at Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center". Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 13 (1): 12–18. doi:10.1093/clinids/13.1.12. PMID 2017610.
  12. ^ Sears CL (April 2009). "Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis: a rogue among symbiotes". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 22 (2): 349–69, Table of Contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.00053-08. PMC 2668231. PMID 19366918.
  13. ^ "Bacteroides Infection: Overview - eMedicine". Archived from the original on 22 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-11.