Ballophilidae

Ballophilidae
Ballophilus hounselli
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Chilopoda
Order:
Geophilomorpha
Suborder:
Adesmata
Superfamily:
Himantarioidea
Family:
Ballophilidae

Ballophilidae is a monophyletic group of centipedes belonging to the order Geophilomorpha and superfamily Himantarioidea.[1][2] Authorities now dismiss this group as a family, citing phylogenetic analysis, and instead refer to this clade as Ballophilinae, a possible subfamily within the family Schendylidae.[2][3] Centipedes in this clade differ from others in the family Schendylidae by having bodies tapered toward the anterior tip, short heads, slender forcipules that are well apart, and an undivided lamina for the female gonopods.[4] Centipedes in this clade are found in most tropical regions.[4]

The number of legs in this clade varies within as well as among species and ranges from 37 to 113 pairs of legs.[4] Two species in this clade can have as few as 37 leg pairs, Ballophilus pallidus[5] and Leucolinum trinidadense,[6] and one species, Ityphilus grandis, can have as many as 113 pairs.[7] Species in this clade tend to have more leg-bearing segments and greater intraspecific variability in this number than generally found in the family Schendylidae.[8] Some species in this clade are notable for their small sizes, including L. trinadadense (reaching only 9 mm in length),[6] Caritohallex minyrrhopus (10 mm),[9] B. pallidus (11 mm),[5] and Taeniolinum panamicum (11 mm).[10][11]

  1. ^ "Ballophilidae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  2. ^ a b Bonato, Lucio; Drago, Leandro; Murienne, Jérôme (2014). "Phylogeny of Geophilomorpha (Chilopoda) inferred from new morphological and molecular evidence". Cladistics. The International Journal of the Willi Hennig Society. 30 (5): 485–507. doi:10.1111/cla.12060. PMID 34794246. S2CID 86204188.
  3. ^ Bonato, L.; Chagas Junior, A.; Edgecombe, G.D.; Lewis, J.G.E.; Minelli, A.; Pereira, L.A.; Shelley, R.M.; Stoev, P.; Zapparoli, M. (2016). "ChiloBase 2.0 - A World Catalogue of Centipedes (Chilopoda)". chilobase.biologia.unipd.it. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
  4. ^ a b c Bonato, Lucio; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Zapparoli, Marzio (2011). "Chilopoda – Taxonomic overview". In Minelli, Alessandro (ed.). The Myriapoda. Volume 1. Leiden: Brill. pp. 363–443. ISBN 978-90-04-18826-6. OCLC 812207443.
  5. ^ a b Attems, C. (1938). "Die von Dr. C. Dawydoff in französisch Indochina gesammelten Myriopoden". Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris. Nouvelle Série (in German). 6 (2): 187–353 [323] – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  6. ^ a b Chamberlin, Ralph V. (1945). "Two new centipeds from Trinidad". Entomological News. 56: 171–174 [174] – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  7. ^ Turk, F. A. (1955). "The chilopods of Peru with descriptions of new species and some zoogeographical notes on the Peruvian chilopod fauna". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 125 (3–4): 469–504. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1955.tb00612.x. ISSN 0370-2774.
  8. ^ Minelli, Alessandro; Bortoletto, Stefano (1988-04-01). "Myriapod metamerism and arthropod segmentation". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 33 (4): 323–343. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00448.x. ISSN 0024-4066.
  9. ^ Crabill, Ralph E. (1960). "Centipedes of the Smithsonian-Bredin Expeditions to the West Indies". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 111 (3427): 167–195 [175]. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.111-3427.167 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  10. ^ Chamberlin, Ralph V. (Ralph Vary) (1940). "On Some Chilopods from Barro Colorado Island". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 47 (2–3): 66–74 [69]. doi:10.1155/1940/840186. ISSN 0033-2615.
  11. ^ Bonato, Lucio; Minelli, Alessandro; Drago, Leandro; Pereira, Luis Alberto (2015-09-25). "The phylogenetic position of Dinogeophilus and a new evolutionary framework for the smallest epimorphic centipedes (Chilopoda: Epimorpha)". Contributions to Zoology. 84 (3): 237–253 [249]. doi:10.1163/18759866-08403004. hdl:11577/3146565. ISSN 1875-9866.