Bamboo and wooden slips

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Bamboo and wooden slips" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Bamboo and wooden slips
Replica of bamboo slips from the Warring States period
Traditional Chinese	簡牘
Simplified Chinese	简牍
Literal meaning	bamboo slips [and] wooden tablets
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin jiǎndú Wade–Giles chien3-tu2 IPA [tɕjɛ̀ntǔ] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization gáan-duhk Jyutping gaan2-duk6 Southern Min Tâi-lô kán-to̍k Middle Chinese Middle Chinese /kˠɛnXduk̚/

Bamboo and wooden slips (simplified Chinese: 简牍; traditional Chinese: 簡牘; pinyin: jiǎndú) are long, narrow strips of wood or bamboo, each typically holding a single column of several dozen brush-written characters. They were the main media for writing documents in China before the widespread introduction of paper during the first two centuries AD. (Silk was occasionally used, for example in the Chu Silk Manuscript, but was prohibitively expensive for most documents.)^[1]

Each strip of wood or bamboo is said to be as long as a chopstick and as wide as two, with space for several tens of visually complex ancient Chinese characters arranged in a single column. For longer texts, many slips were sewn together with hemp, silk, or leather and used to make a kind of folding book, called jiǎncè or jiǎndú.^[2][3]

The earliest surviving examples of wood or bamboo slips date from the 5th century BC during the Warring States period. However, references in earlier texts surviving on other media make it clear that some precursor of these Warring States period bamboo slips was in use as early as the late Shang period (from about 1250 BC). Bamboo or wooden strips were the standard writing material during the Han dynasty and excavated examples have been found in abundance.^[4] Subsequently, the improvements made to paper by Cai Lun during the Han dynasty began to displace bamboo and wooden strips from mainstream uses, and by the 4th century AD bamboo had been largely abandoned as a medium for writing in China.

The custom of interring books made of the durable bamboo strips in royal tombs has preserved many works in their original form through the centuries. An important early find was the Jizhong discovery in 279 AD in a tomb of a king of Wei, though the original recovered strips have since disappeared. Several caches of great importance have been found in recent years.