| Battle of Berlin | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Eastern Front of World War II | |||||||||
 Raising a Flag over the Reichstag, May 1945 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Germany | |||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
 Georgy Zhukov Konstantin Rokossovsky Ivan Konev Nver Safarian Stanisław Popławski |
Adolf Hitler † Gotthard Heinrici Felix Steiner Wilhelm Keitel Wilhelm Burgdorf † Kurt von Tippelskirch [a] Ferdinand Schörner Hellmuth Reymann  Helmuth Weidling [b] | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
|
Total: 361,367
|
Total: 917,000–925,000 | ||||||||
.svg){kind=small}
| History of Berlin |
|---|
 |
| Margraviate of Brandenburg (1157–1806) |
| Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918) |
| German Empire (1871–1918) |
| Free State of Prussia (1918–1947) |
| Weimar Republic (1919–1933) |
| Nazi Germany (1933–1945) |
| West Germany and East Germany (1945–1990) |
|
| Federal Republic of Germany (1990–present) |
| See also |
The Battle of Berlin, designated as the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation by the Soviet Union, and also known as the Fall of Berlin, was one of the last major offensives of the European theatre of World War II.[f]
After the Vistula–Oder offensive of January–February 1945, the Red Army had temporarily halted on a line 60 km (37 mi) east of Berlin. On 9 March, Germany established its defence plan for the city with Operation Clausewitz. The first defensive preparations at the outskirts of Berlin were made on 20 March, under the newly appointed commander of Army Group Vistula, General Gotthard Heinrici.
When the Soviet offensive resumed on 16 April, two Soviet fronts (army groups) attacked Berlin from the east and south, while a third overran German forces positioned north of Berlin. Before the main battle in Berlin commenced, the Red Army encircled the city after successful battles of the Seelow Heights and Halbe. On 20 April 1945, Hitler's birthday, the 1st Belorussian Front led by Marshal Georgy Zhukov, advancing from the east and north, started shelling Berlin's city centre, while Marshal Ivan Konev's 1st Ukrainian Front broke through Army Group Centre and advanced towards the southern suburbs of Berlin. On 23 April General Helmuth Weidling assumed command of the forces within Berlin. The garrison consisted of several depleted and disorganised Army and Waffen-SS divisions, along with poorly trained Volkssturm and Hitler Youth members. Over the course of the next week, the Red Army gradually took the entire city.
On 30 April, Hitler committed suicide. The city's garrison surrendered on 2 May but fighting continued to the north-west, west, and south-west of the city until the end of the war in Europe on 8 May (9 May in the Soviet Union) as some German units fought westward so that they could surrender to the Western Allies rather than to the Soviets.[15]
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- ^ Zaloga 1982, p. 27.
- ^ a b c Glantz 1998, p. 261.
- ^ Ziemke 1969, p. 71.
- ^ Murray & Millett 2000, p. 482.
- ^ a b Beevor 2002, p. 287.
- ^ Antill 2005, p. 28.
- ^ a b Glantz 1998, p. 373.
- ^ Wagner 1974, p. 346.
- ^ Bergstrom 2007, p. 117.
- ^ Krivosheev 1997, p. 157.
- ^ a b Krivosheev 1997, p. 263.
- ^ Müller 2008, p. 673.
- ^ Glantz 2001, p. 95.
- ^ Antill 2005, p. 85.
- ^ Beevor 2002, pp. 400–405.