Battle of Haifa (1948)

Battle of Haifa
	Part of the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, the Nakba, and Plan Dalet
	; Jewish militants in Haifa
Date	21–22 April 1948
Location	Haifa, Mandatory Palestine
Result	Haganah victory Jewish forces take control of the city, which would go on to become a part of the State of Israel; ~15,000 Arab residents expelled;
Belligerents
Haganah Palmach; Hish;	Palestinian Arab irregulars; Arab Liberation Army
Commanders and leaders
Moshe Carmel; Mordechai Maklef	Capt. Amin Bey Izz al-Din (OC Militia); Yunnis Naffa (Deputy)

The Battle of Haifa, also known as the Fall of Haifa, and called by the Jewish forces Operation Bi'ur Hametz (Hebrew: מבצע ביעור חמץ "Passover Cleansing"),^[2] was a Haganah operation carried out on 21–22 April 1948 and a major event in the final stages of the civil war in Palestine, leading up to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The objective of the operation was the capture of the Arab neighborhoods of Haifa. The operation formed part of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight, with approximately 15,000 Arab residents being displaced between April 21–22,^[3] and with only 4,000 remaining in the city by mid-May from a pre-conflict population of approximately 65,000.

^ Pappe 2007, p. ^{[page needed]}.
^ Pappe 2007, p. ^{[page needed]}: "Operation ‘Cleansing the Leaven’ (bi‘ur hametz). The Hebrew term stands for total cleansing and refers to the Jewish religious practice of eliminating all traces of bread or flour from people’s homes on the eve of the Passover, since as these are forbidden during the days of the feast. Brutally appropriate, the cleansing of Haifa, in which the Palestinians were the bread and the flour, began on Passover’s eve, 21 April".
^ Morris 2003, p. 86 ("Some 15,000 Arabs evacuated Haifa during 21–22 April").

[FOOTNOTEPappe2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-1] Pappe 2007, p. ^{[page needed]}.

[FOOTNOTEPappe2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>:_"Operation_‘Cleansing_the_Leaven’_(bi‘ur_hametz)._The_Hebrew_term_stands_for_total_cleansing_and_refers_to_the_Jewish_religious_practice_of_eliminating_all_traces_of_bread_or_flour_from_people’s_homes_on_the_eve_of_the_[[Passover]],_since_as_these_are_forbidden_during_the_days_of_the_feast._Brutally_appropriate,_the_cleansing_of_Haifa,_in_which_the_Palestinians_were_the_bread_and_the_flour,_began_on_Passover’s_eve,_21_April"-2] Pappe 2007, p. ^{[page needed]}: "Operation ‘Cleansing the Leaven’ (bi‘ur hametz). The Hebrew term stands for total cleansing and refers to the Jewish religious practice of eliminating all traces of bread or flour from people’s homes on the eve of the Passover, since as these are forbidden during the days of the feast. Brutally appropriate, the cleansing of Haifa, in which the Palestinians were the bread and the flour, began on Passover’s eve, 21 April".

[FOOTNOTEMorris200386_("Some_15,000_Arabs_evacuated_Haifa_during_21–22_April")-3] Morris 2003, p. 86 ("Some 15,000 Arabs evacuated Haifa during 21–22 April").

[1]

[2]

[3]