Battle of Khe Sanh

Battle of Khe Sanh
Part of the Vietnam War
A burning fuel dump after a mortar attack at Khe Sanh
Date 21 January – 9 July 1968[1][2][3] Location 16°39′19.6″N 106°43′42.9″E / 16.655444°N 106.728583°E / 16.655444; 106.728583 (Khe Sanh) Khe Sanh Combat Base (Khe Sanh), Quảng Trị Province, Republic of Vietnam – UTM Grid XD 852-418[4] Result Both sides claim victory:[5] [6] [7] North Vietnamese Army gained control of the Khe Sanh region after the American withdrawal.[8] Termination of the McNamara Line.[9] North Vietnamese lines of communication were extended farther into South Vietnam.[10]
Belligerents
United States  South Vietnam Laos	Viet Cong  North Vietnam Pathet Lao
Commanders and leaders
William Westmoreland Rathvon M. Tompkins David E. Lownds	Võ Nguyên Giáp Trần Quý Hai Lê Quang Đạo
Strength
~45,000 in total[11] ~6,000 Marines at the Combat Base of Khe Sanh[12] Operation Pegasus: ~20,000 (1st Air Cavalry and Marine units) Operation Arc Light and operation Niagara: U.S. Air Forces	~40,000 in total,[13] in which: Siege at Khe Sanh: ~17,200 (304th and 308th Division)[14] Defense at Route 9: ~16,900 (320th and 324th Division)[14] 30 light tanks PT-76
Casualties and losses
U.S. losses: At Khe Sanh: 274 killed 2,541 wounded (not including ARVN Ranger, RF/PF, Forward Operation Base 3 – US Army and Royal Laotian Army losses)[15] Operation Scotland I and Operation Pegasus: 730 killed 2,642 wounded, 7 missing[15] Operation Scotland II (15 April 1968 – July 1968): 485 killed 2,396 wounded[1] USAF: 5 ~ 20 killed, wounded unknown[1] Operation Charlie for the final evacuation: At least 11 marines killed, wounded unknown[1] During aerial resupply: 1 KC-130, 3 C-123 ARVN losses: 229 killed, 436 wounded (not including CIDG, RF/PF and SOG losses) CIDG losses: 1,000 – 1,500 killed or missing, at least 250 captured (in Lang Vei), wounded unknown[16] Kingdom of Laos: Unknown.[15] Total (21 January – 9 July): 12,000+ casualties (2,800–3,500 killed, 9,000+ wounded, 7 missing, 250+ captured)[15][Note 1] North Vietnamese claim: ~11,900 killed or wounded (including about 9,000 American soldiers); 197 aircraft, 78 tanks, 46 cannons, 50 ammunition depots destroyed[18]	Unknown (1,602 bodies were counted, US official public estimated 10,000–15,000 KIA,[19]: 234–235 [20]: 131  but MACV's secret report estimated 5,550 killed as of 31 March 1968)[1] North Vietnamese figures: 1,436 wounded (before mid-March)[21] 2,469 KIA (from 20 January until 20 July 1968).[1]

The Battle of Khe Sanh (21 January – 9 July 1968) was conducted in the Khe Sanh area of northwestern Quảng Trị Province, Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), during the Vietnam War. The main US forces defending Khe Sanh Combat Base (KSCB) were two regiments of the United States Marine Corps supported by elements from the United States Army and the United States Air Force (USAF), as well as a small number of Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) troops. These were pitted against two to three divisional-size elements of the North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN).

The US command in Saigon initially believed that combat operations around KSCB during 1967 were part of a series of minor PAVN offensives in the border regions. That appraisal was later altered when the PAVN was found to be moving major forces into the area. In response, US forces were built up before the PAVN isolated the Marine base. Once the base came under siege, a series of actions were fought over a period of five months. During this time, KSCB and the hilltop outposts around it were subjected to constant PAVN artillery, mortar, and rocket attacks, and several infantry assaults. To support the Marine base, a massive aerial bombardment campaign (Operation Niagara) was launched by the USAF. In the first three months, over 114,810 tons of bombs were dropped by US aircraft and over 158,900 artillery rounds were fired in defense of the base. U.S forces lost 1 KC-130, 3 C-123 and 35 helicopters, while 23 aircraft and 123 helicopters were damaged.^[22] Throughout the campaign, US forces used the latest technology to locate PAVN forces for targeting. Additionally, the logistical effort required to support the base once it was isolated demanded the implementation of other tactical innovations to keep the Marines supplied.

In March 1968, an overland relief expedition (Operation Pegasus) was launched by a combined Marine–Army/ARVN task force that eventually broke through to the Marines at Khe Sanh. American commanders considered the defense of Khe Sanh a success, but shortly after the siege was lifted, the decision was made to dismantle the base rather than risk similar battles in the future. On 19 June 1968, the evacuation and destruction of KSCB began. Amid heavy shelling, the Marines attempted to salvage what they could before destroying what remained as they were evacuated. Minor attacks continued before the base was officially closed on 5 July. Marines remained around Hill 689, though, and fighting in the vicinity continued until 11 July until they were finally withdrawn, bringing the battle to a close.

In the aftermath, the North Vietnamese proclaimed a victory at Khe Sanh, while US forces claimed that they had withdrawn, as the base was no longer required. Historians have observed that the Battle of Khe Sanh may have distracted American and South Vietnamese attention from the buildup of Viet Cong (VC) forces in the south before the early 1968 Tet Offensive. Nevertheless, the US commander during the battle, General William Westmoreland, maintained that the true intention of Tet was to distract forces from Khe Sanh.

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