Bhimsen Thapa | |
|---|---|
श्री मुख्तियार जर्नेल भीमसेन थापा | |
 Sri Bhimsen Thapa, Mukhtiyar (Prime Minister of Nepal) from 1806 to 1837 | |
| Mukhtiyar of Nepal (Prime Minister of Nepal) | |
| In office 1806–1837 | |
| Monarchs | Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah Rajendra Bikram Shah |
| Preceded by | Rana Bahadur Shah as Mukhtiyar |
| Succeeded by | Rana Jang Pande |
| Pradhan Senapati (Chief General) & Commander-In-Chief of the Nepalese Army | |
| In office 1811- 14 June 1837 | |
| Preceded by | Damodar Pande as Pradhan Senapati |
| Succeeded by | Rajendra Bikram Shah |
| Personal details | |
| Born | August 1775 Pipal Thok village, Gorkha region, Kingdom of Nepal (present-day Pipal Thok, Bhimsen Thapa R.M., Gorkha district, Gandaki Province, Nepal) |
| Died | 29 July 1839 (aged 63)[1] Bhim-Mukteshwar, bank of Bishnumati River, Kathmandu, Nepal |
| Relations | see Thapa dynasty, Pande dynasty, Kunwar family, Rana dynasty |
| Children | Lalita Devi Pande Janak Kumari Pande Dirgha Kumari Pande |
| Parents |
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| Residence(s) | Thapathali Durbar (1798–1804), Bagh Durbar (1804–1837)[2] |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Kingdom of Nepal |
| Branch/service | Nepal Army |
| Years of service | 1798–1837 |
| Rank | Commander-in-Chief |
| Commands | Commander-in-Chief |
| Battles/wars | Anglo-Nepalese War |
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Clan, Family and Related Families
Early Political Career Premiership Offices Held
Monuments Built
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Bhimsen Thapa (Nepali: भीमसेन थापा (August 1775 – 29 July 1839)) was a Nepalese statesman who served as the Mukhtiyar[note 1] (equivalent to prime minister) and de facto ruler of Nepal[4] from 1806 to 1837.[5] He is widely known as the longest-serving prime minister of Nepal and was inducted into the "National heroes of Nepal" by King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah.
Born into an ordinary military family in the Gorkha Kingdom, Bhimsen first came close to the Crown Prince Rana Bahadur Shah at an early age in 1785. In 1798, he was recruited as a bodyguard for the King by his father. Thereafter, he rose to influence after helping the exiled ex-King Rana Bahadur Shah engineer his return to power in 1804. In gratitude, Rana Bahadur made Bhimsen a Kaji (equivalent to a minister) of the newly formed government. Rana Bahadur's assassination by his stepbrother Sher Bahadur Shah in 1806 led Bhimsen to initiate investigations into the context in which he ordered the death penalty for ninety-three people popularly known as the 1806 Bhandarkhal massacre, after which he claimed the title of Mukhtiyar (equivalent to prime minister) himself. The death of King Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah in 1816 at the immature age of 17, with his heir, King Rajendra Bikram Shah being only 3 years old, along with the support from Queen Tripurasundari (the junior queen of Rana Bahadur Shah) allowed him to remain in power even after Nepal's defeat in the Anglo-Nepalese War. After the death of Queen Tripurasundari in 1832, the intrigues of the newly adult King Rajendra, the conspiracies and infightings with the British envoy Brian Houghton Hodgson, Senior Queen Samrajya Laxmi Devi and the rival courtiers (especially the Kala Pandes, who held Bhimsen Thapa responsible for the death of Damodar Pande in 1804) finally led to his imprisonment on false charges of the murder of an infant prince and ultimately his death by suicide in 1839.
Bhimsen is remembered for being the first Nepalese statesman to fully comprehend the British system of protectorate in India carried out by Lord Wellesley[6][7][8] and his subsequent activities to keep British authorities at bay[9] and prevent the Kingdom of Nepal from being a part of the British Empire through long and persistent anti-British politics during both wartime and peacetime. The territorial expanse of the Gurkha empire had reached its greatest extent from the Sutlej River in the west to the Teesta river in the east during his prime ministership. However, Nepal entered into a disastrous Anglo-Nepalese War with the partially British Empire-owned East India Company lasting from 1814 to 1816, which was concluded with the Treaty of Sugauli, by which Nepal lost almost one-third of its land. He is widely remembered for bringing about a large number of social, religious, economic, and administrative reforms, as well as the modernization of the Nepalese Army on the template of the French military forces. During his lifetime, he commissioned the construction of many temples and monuments including the highly famed Dharahara also known as Bhimsen Stambha ("Bhimsen Tower").
Widely considered one of the 19th century's most significant figures in Nepalese history, Bhimsen is seen as a patriotic, clever, and diplomatic statesman who played an important role in defending his country against then-widespread British colonial imperialism in South Asia. His foreign policy was largely motivated by rational national interest, national sustenance and nationalism.[10] He is also well praised as a reformer and for his efficient systematization and management of the state administration, programmes and policies. However, he has been criticized for instigating an inhumane political massacre in his early political career, the elimination of his political rivals and the consolidation of political and military power within his family.
- ^ Karmacharya 2000, p. 279.
- ^ Pradhan 2012, pp. 23–24.
- ^ Kandel 2011, p. 10.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
htmilitarywas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Whelpton 1991, p. 21.
- ^ Hunter 1896, p. 99.
- ^ Landon 1993, p. 82.
- ^ Pradhan 2012, p. 24.
- ^ Hunter 1896, p. 133.
- ^ "Bhimsen Thapa - Encyclopedia of Nepali History". 9 April 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
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