Bikini Atoll
Pikinni Atoll, Eschscholtz Atoll | |
|---|---|
 Bikini Atoll. Two craters from Operation Castle can be seen on the northwest cape of the atoll, adjacent to Namu island. The larger is from the 15 Mt Bravo shot, with the smaller 11 Mt Romeo crater adjoining it. | |
| Nickname: Kili | |
| Motto(s): | |
| Anthem: Ij Jab Ber Emol (Marshallese) (English: No longer can I stay) | |
 Map of the Marshall Islands showing Bikini Atoll | |
 Map of Bikini Atoll | |
  Bikini Atoll Location of Bikini Atoll  Bikini Atoll Bikini Atoll (Pacific Ocean) | |
| Coordinates: 11°36′N 165°24′E / 11.6°N 165.4°E | |
| Country | Republic of the Marshall Islands |
| Area | |
| • Land | 6 km2 (2.3 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 5 caretakers[1] |
| Population relocated in 1946 Resettled population evacuated in 1978 | |
| Official name | Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site |
| Criteria | Cultural: iv; vi |
| Reference | 1339 |
| Inscription | 2010 (34th Session) |
Bikini Atoll (/ˈbɪkɪˌniː/ or /bɪˈkiːni/; Marshallese: Pikinni, [pʲiɡinnʲi], lit. 'coconut place'),[2] known as Eschscholtz Atoll between the 19th century and 1946,[3] is a coral reef in the Marshall Islands consisting of 23 islands surrounding a 229.4-square-mile (594.1 km2) central lagoon. The atoll is at the northern end of the Ralik Chain, approximately 530 miles (850 km) northwest of the capital Majuro.
After the Second World War, the atoll was chosen by the United States as a nuclear weapon testing site. It would be the site of the fourth nuclear bomb detonation and would go on to be the site of many more tests. The people that lived on Bikini—all 167 of the atoll's inhabitants—agreed to relocate after being informed of the plan to test then-new nuclear weapons, of great importance to humankind,[4] though it is sometimes considered a forced relocation.[5] In 1946 they moved to Rongerik, a small island east of Bikini Atoll, but it turned out to have inadequate resources to support the population. The islanders began experiencing starvation by early 1948, and they were moved again, this time to Kwajalein Atoll.[6] The United States used the islands and lagoon as the site of 23 nuclear tests until 1958, when it turned out nuclear weapons were much more dangerous and toxic than anyone ever imagined. To this day, the Bikini islanders have not been able to return home due to nuclear contamination. There are some signs of recovery as the amount of radiation slowly decreases.
In 1972, about 100 residents were voluntarily returned to their home island.[7] But scientists found dangerously high levels of strontium-90 in well water in May 1978, and the residents' bodies were carrying abnormally high concentrations of caesium-137. They were evacuated again in September 1978. The atoll is occasionally visited today by divers and a few scientists, and it is occupied by a handful of caretakers. The people of the atoll, which now number in the thousands, have spread out to other Marshallese islands and the United States. A multi-million dollar trust fund, which had been supporting services for many Bikini since the 1980s, was drained in the late 2010s.
In the 21st century, the atoll is a World Heritage Site, remembered for its role in the Cold War and the post-nuclear age. It is noted as an enclave of nature, and the radiation has decreased enough that tourism is possible. However, the lingering radioactive contamination makes it unfit to return from what was expected to be short-term evacuation, especially as it is not recommended to eat plants or wildlife.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
borrettwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Marshallese-English Dictionary-Place Name Index". Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
- ^ "The Marshall Islands: A Brief History". Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
- ^ "Commodore Ben H. Wyatt addressing the Bikini Island natives". americanhistory.si.edu. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
- ^ Kiste, Robert C. (1974). The Bikinians : a study in forced migration (PDF). Menlo Park, Calif.: Cummings Pub. Co. ISBN 0846537524. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
engineeringwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Niedenthal, Jack (2001). "A History of the People of Bikini Following Nuclear Weapons Testing in the Marshall Islands". Health Physics. 73 (1): 28–36. doi:10.1097/00004032-199707000-00003. ISSN 0017-9078. PMID 9199216. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.