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A Bismarck tower (German: Bismarckturm) is a specific type of monument built according to a more or less standard model across Germany to honour its first chancellor, Otto von Bismarck (d. 1898). A total of 234 of these towers were inventoried by Kloss and Seele in 2007[1] but more have been discovered since making the total around 240.[2][3] These towers were built between 1869[4] and 1934 and some 173 remain today.[1][5] Quite a few of these towers, including all 47 based on Wilhelm Kreis's Götterdämmerung design,[6] were built as so-called Bismarck Columns (Bismarcksäulen) or were converted into them. This description goes back to the Student Union's competition held in 1899,[7] which was to encourage the erection of as many beacons as possible (and not observation towers). But other Bismarck towers, e.g., those that were purely beacons with no observation function, were often called Bismarck columns.
- ^ a b Pohlsander, Hans A. National Monuments and Nationalism in 19th Century Germany, Oxford: Lang, 2008, p. 226-227
- ^ Bismarcktürme £ Bismarcksäule Archived 2020-10-31 at the Wayback Machine at www.bismarcktuerme.de. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
- ^ Lexikon der Bismarck-Denkmäler by Sieglinde Seele. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
- ^ Der älteste Bismarckturm von 1869 Archived 2018-05-04 at the Wayback Machine at www.bismarcktuerme.de. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
- ^ "Bismarcktürme & Bismarcksäulen : Das Infoportal Bismarcktürme". www.bismarcktuerme.de. Retrieved 28 Jul 2016.[title missing]
- ^ Geschichte der Bismarcktürme Archived 2020-08-06 at the Wayback Machine at www.bismarcktuerme.de. Retrieved 28 July 2016
- ^ Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte. Vol. 82, Hanover, 2010, p. 182.