Bogd Khanate of Mongolia

Great Mongolian State ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ Монгол улс Mongol uls
1911–1915 1921–1924
Flag[1] Coat of arms
Anthem: Зуун лангийн жороо луус ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠯᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠯᠠᠭᠤᠰᠠ Zuun Langiin Joroo Luus Centuries of Folk of Silver Herds
Imperial seal
Outer Mongolia in 1914, shown in orange
Status	Limited recognised state[note 1] Autonomous state under the Republic of China (1915–1919) Military occupation under the Republic of China (1919–1921)
Capital	Niislel Khüree (now Ulaanbaatar)
Common languages	Mongolian
Religion	Tibetan Buddhism (official), Tengriism, Shamanism
Government	Unitary Buddhist[2] absolute monarchy
Khan
• 1911–1919 1921–1924	Bogd Khan
Prime Minister
• 1912–1919 (first)[3]	Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren
• 1919–1920 (last)	Gonchigjalzangiin Badamdorj
Legislature	None (rule by decree) (1911–1914; 1921–1924) State Khural (1914–1919)
History
• 1911 Revolution	29 December 1911
• Autonomy under Chinese suzerainty and Russian influence	17 June 1915
• Autonomy revoked	1919–1921
• 1921 Revolution	1 March 1921
• Soviet intervention	1921–1924
• MPR proclaimed	26 November 1924
Currency	Tael, Mongolian dollar
Preceded by Succeeded by 1911: Qing dynasty 1921: Republic of China 1919: Republic of China 1924: Mongolian People's Republic
Today part of	Mongolia Russia

History of Mongolia
Timeline States Rulers Nobility Culture Politics Geography Language Religion
Prehistoric period Afanasievo culture 3300–2500 BC Chemurchek culture 2750–1900 BC Munkhkhairkhan culture 1800–1600 BC Sagsai culture 1500–1000 BC Ulaanzuukh culture 1450–1150 BC Deer stones culture 1400–700 BC Slab-grave culture 1100–300 BC Chandman culture 700–300 BC Pazyryk culture 600–300 BC
Ancient period Xiongnu 209 BC–93 AD Xianbei state 93–234 Rouran Khaganate 330–555 Göktürks (First, Eastern, and Second Turkic Khaganates) 555–630 682–744 Xueyantuo 628–646 Tang protectorate 647–682 Uyghur Khaganate 744–840 Liao dynasty 907–1125
Medieval period Mongol khanates 9th–12th century Khamag Mongol 1130–1206 Mongol Empire 1206–1368 Yuan dynasty 1271–1368 Northern Yuan 1368–1635 Oirat Confederation 1399–1634 Dzungar Khanate 1634–1757 Qing dynasty 1691–1911
Modern period National Revolution 1911 Bogd Khaganate 1911–1919 Chinese occupation 1919–1921 People's Revolution (Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate) 1921 1921–1924 People's Republic 1924–1992 Democratic Revolution 1990 Modern Mongolia 1990–present
v t e

The Bogd Khanate of Mongolia^[a] was a de facto country in Outer Mongolia between 1911 and 1915 and again from 1921 to 1924. By the spring of 1911, some prominent Mongol nobles including Prince Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren persuaded the Jebstundamba Khutukhtu to convene a meeting of nobles and ecclesiastical officials to discuss independence from Qing China. On 30 November 1911 the Mongols established the Temporary Government of Khalkha. On 29 December 1911 the Mongols declared their independence from the collapsing Qing dynasty following the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution. They installed as theocratic sovereign the 8th Bogd Gegeen, highest authority of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia, who took the title Bogd Khan or "Holy Ruler".^[4] The Bogd Khaan was last khagan of the Mongols. This ushered in the period of "Theocratic Mongolia",^[5] and the realm of the Bogd Khan is usually known as the "Bogd Khanate".^[6]

Three historical currents were at work during this period. The first was the efforts of the Mongols to form an independent, theocratic state that included Inner Mongolia, Barga (also known as Hulunbuir), Upper Mongolia, Western Mongolia and Tannu Uriankhai ("pan-Mongolism"). The second was the Russian Empire's determination to achieve the twin goals of establishing its own preeminence in the country but at the same time ensuring Outer Mongolia's autonomy within the nascent Republic of China (ROC). The third was the ultimate success of the ROC in eliminating Outer Mongolian autonomy and establishing its full sovereignty over the region from 1919 to 1921. Finally, under the influence of the Russian Civil War, the Mongols expelled the Chinese warlords in 1921, and Mongolia regained its independence under the leadership of the Communists.^[7]

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