Bombing of Tokyo (10 March 1945)

Bombing of Tokyo
Part of the Bombing of Tokyo and air raids on Japan during the Pacific War
A road passing through a part of Tokyo which was destroyed in the 10 March 1945 air raid
Date 9/10 March 1945 Location Tokyo, Japan 35°41′58″N 139°47′47″E / 35.69944°N 139.79639°E / 35.69944; 139.79639 Result American victory
Belligerents
United States	Japan
Commanders and leaders
Curtis LeMay Thomas S. Power	Shizuichi Tanaka
Units involved
XXI Bomber Command	1st Anti-Aircraft Division 10th Air Division
Strength
325 bombers (279 bombers over target)	Approximately 638 anti-aircraft guns 90 fighter aircraft
Casualties and losses
14 aircraft destroyed 42 aircraft damaged 96 aircrew killed or missing	90,000 to 100,000 killed (most common estimates) Over one million homeless 267,171 buildings destroyed

On the night of 9/10 March 1945, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) conducted a devastating firebombing raid on Tokyo, the Japanese capital city. This attack was code-named Operation Meetinghouse by the USAAF and is known as the Tokyo Great Air Raid (東京大空襲, Tōkyō dai-kūshū) in Japan.^[1] Bombs dropped from 279 Boeing B-29 Superfortress heavy bombers burned out much of eastern Tokyo. More than 90,000 and possibly over 100,000 Japanese people were killed, mostly civilians, and one million were left homeless, making it the most destructive single air attack in human history. The Japanese air and civil defenses proved largely inadequate; 14 American aircraft and 96 airmen were lost.

The attack on Tokyo was an intensification of the air raids on Japan which had begun in June 1944. Prior to this operation, the USAAF had focused on a precision bombing campaign against Japanese industrial facilities. These attacks were generally unsuccessful, which contributed to the decision to shift to firebombing. The operation during the early hours of 10 March was the first major firebombing raid against a Japanese city. The USAAF units employed significantly different tactics from those used in precision raids, including bombing by night with the aircraft flying at low altitudes. The extensive destruction caused by the raid led to these tactics becoming standard for the USAAF's B-29s until the end of the war.

There has been a long-running debate over the morality of the 10 March firebombing of Tokyo. The raid is often cited as a key example in criticism of the Allies' strategic bombing campaigns. Many historians and commentators argue that it was not acceptable for the USAAF to deliberately target civilians, and other historians believe that the USAAF had no choice but to change to area bombing tactics given that the precision bombing campaign had failed. It is generally acknowledged that the tactics used against Tokyo and in similar subsequent raids were militarily successful. The attack is commemorated in Japan at two official memorials, several neighborhood memorials, and a privately owned museum.