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Forced labour and slavery
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Booi Aha (Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᡳ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ (booi niyalma) for male, ᠪᠣᠣᡳ ᡥᡝᡥᡝ (booi hehe) for female; Chinese transliteration: 包衣阿哈) is a Manchu word literally meaning "household person", referring to hereditarily servile people in the Eight Banner system in 17th-century Qing China. It is often directly translated as "bondservant", although sometimes also simply rendered as the common word, slave, or more specifically within Chinese social and political context as nucai.

They were largely divided into three categories^[1]^[2]^[3] translated into English:

company servants (Chinese: 佐領下人; Chinese: zuǒlǐng xiàrén)
half-company servants (Chinese: 管領下人; Chinese: guǎnlǐng xiàrén)
estate bannermen (Chinese: 莊頭旗人; Chinese: zhuāngtóu qírén)^{[n 1]}

^ 祁 (Qí), 美琴 (Měiqín) (2009). 清代内务府 (in Chinese). Shenyang: 辽宁民族出版社. p. 52. ISBN 978-7807226734.
^ Huáng Líjūn 2020 pg. 27. 福格,《聽雨叢談》言:「內務府三旗,分佐領、管領。其管領下人,是我朝發祥之初家臣;佐領下人,是當時所置兵弁,所謂凡周之士不顯亦世也。」
^ Huáng Líjūn 2020 pg. 59. 「莊頭旗人,或國初帶地投充,或由兵丁撥充屯田,今皆歸內務府會計司管轄,不列於佐領、管領之內。若考試登進,則暫附於管領。」福格,《聽雨叢談》,卷 1,〈八旗原起〉,頁 5
^ Huáng (黃), Yīnóng (一農) (2014). 二重奏: 紅學與清史的對話 (in Chinese). Hsinchu: 國立清華大學出版社. p. 37. ISBN 978-9866116483. 依照清初典制,只有八旗滿洲才有包衣,八旗蒙古和漢軍則無,各旗包衣主要分成滿洲佐領、旗鼓佐領、管領下人以及莊頭人等類型,其中旗鼓佐領多為漢人,且大部分集中在上三旗。

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