Bronstein is a Russian-Jewish surname. People include:
- Lev Davidovich Bronstein, birth name of Leon Trotsky (1879–1940), Russian Marxist revolutionary and politician
- David Bronstein (1924–2006), Soviet chess Grandmaster
- Hila Bronstein (born 1983), German singer, known as a member of Bro'Sis
- Ilya Nikolaevich Bronstein (1903–1976), Russian applied mathematician
- Martin Bronstein (born 1935), Canadian actor
- Matvei Bronstein (1906–1938), Soviet theoretical physicist
- Michael Bronstein (born 1980), Russian-Israeli computer scientist
- Luis Marcos Bronstein (1946–2014), Argentine chess master
- Olga Kameneva (née Bronstein) (1881–1941), sister of Leon Trotsky
- Phil Bronstein (born 1950), editor of the San Francisco Chronicle
- Raphael Bronstein (1895–1988), violin performer and teacher
- Raya Bronstein (1929-2023), Israeli sportswoman and sports educator and organizer
- Srul Bronshtein (1913–1943), Romanian/Soviet Yiddish-language poet