Buyid dynasty

Buyid dynasty Persian: آل بویه‎, romanized: Âl-i Būya
934–1062[1]
The Buyid dynasty in 970
The Buyid realm at the time of Adud al-Dawla's death (Yemen not shown)
Capital	Shiraz (Buyids of Fars, 934–1062) Ray (Buyids of Jibal, 943–1029) Baghdad (Buyids of Iraq, 945–1055)
Common languages	Arabic (official and court language; lingua franca)[2] Middle Persian (secondary court language)[2] New Persian (popular, literature)[2][3] Daylami (ruling dynasty)
Religion	Shia Islam (dynasty)[3] Sunni Islam (majority) Zoroastrianism Christianity Judaism
Government	Hereditary monarchy
Emir, Shahanshah
• 934–949	Imad al-Dawla
• 1048–1062	Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun
Historical era	Middle Ages Islamic Golden Age Iranian Intermezzo
• Established	934
• Imad al-Dawla proclaimed himself Emir	934
• Adud al-Dawla becomes the supreme ruler of the Buyid dynasty	979
• Disestablished	1062[1]
Area
980 est.[4][5]	1,600,000 km2 (620,000 sq mi)
Currency	dirham, dinar
Preceded by Succeeded by Abbasid Caliphate Ziyarids Banu Ilyas Abu Abdallah al-Baridi Ghaznavids Seljuk Empire Kakuyids Uqaylid dynasty Marwanids Shabankara Banu Mazyad Annazids

The Buyid dynasty^[a][b] or Buyid Empire was a Zaydi and, later, Twelver Shi'a dynasty of Daylamite origin.^[3][c] Founded by Imad al-Dawla,^[8] they mainly ruled over central and southern Iran and Iraq from 934 to 1062. Coupled with the rise of other Iranian dynasties in the region, the approximate century of Buyid rule represents the period in Iranian history sometimes called the Iranian Intermezzo.^[9]

The Buyid dynasty was founded by Ali ibn Buya, who in 934 conquered Fars and made Shiraz his capital. He received the laqab or honorific title of Imad al-Dawla (lit. 'Fortifier of the State'). His younger brother, Hasan ibn Buya (r. 935–976) conquered parts of Jibal in the late 930s, and by 943 managed to capture Ray, which he made his capital. Hasan was given the laqab of Rukn al-Dawla (lit. 'Pillar of the State'). In 945, the youngest brother, Ahmad ibn Buya, conquered Iraq and made Baghdad his capital. He was given the laqab Mu'izz al-Dawla.

As Iranians of Daylamite provenance, the Buyids consciously revived symbols and practices of the Sasanian Empire.^[10] Beginning with Imad al-Dawla, some of the Buyid rulers used the ancient Sasanian title of Shahanshah, literally "king of kings".^[3] The Buyids had many inscriptions carved at the Achaemenid ruins of Persepolis, thus suggesting a form of veneration of the site, which the Buyids thought was built by the mythical Iranian king Jamshid.^[11]

The Buyid dynasty reached its zenith under Fannā Khusraw (r. 949–983), whose laqab was Adud al-Dawla. who is remembered for his open-mindedness and building projects such as the Band-e Amir dam near Shiraz.^[12] Under him, the Buyid realm stretched from the Byzantine border in Syria in the west to the borders of Khorasan in the east.^[13]

Although the Buyids were initially Zaydi Shia, they became Twelver Shia following the Major Occultation of Muhammad al-Mahdi after the death of his fourth agent in 941. Regardless, the Buyids were known for supporting the Sunni Abbasid caliphs and being tolerant of the Sunni population, who formed the majority of their realm. They were, by contrast, unfriendly towards the Fatimid Caliphate centered in Egypt, who were Isma'ilis.^[12]

Contrary to the Samanids, who ruled over a mostly Sunni Muslim population in Central Asia, the Buyid realm was populated by many Zoroastrians and Christians (primarily of the Church of the East). Because of this, many records written under the Buyids were composed in Middle Persian, Syriac and Arabic.^[12]

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