| Capnography | |
|---|---|
 Typical capnogram. Normal breath cycle. | |
| Other names | End tidal CO2 (PETCO2) |
| MeSH | D019296 |
Capnography is the monitoring of the concentration or partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO
2) in the respiratory gases. Its main development has been as a monitoring tool for use during anesthesia and intensive care. It is usually presented as a graph of CO
2 (measured in kilopascals, "kPa" or millimeters of mercury, "mmHg") plotted against time, or, less commonly, but more usefully, expired volume (known as volumetric capnography). The plot may also show the inspired CO
2, which is of interest when rebreathing systems are being used. When the measurement is taken at the end of a breath (exhaling), it is called "end tidal" CO
2 (PETCO2).[1]
The capnogram is a direct monitor of the inhaled and exhaled concentration or partial pressure of CO
2, and an indirect monitor of the CO
2 partial pressure in the arterial blood. In healthy individuals, the difference between arterial blood and expired gas CO
2 partial pressures is very small (normal difference 4-5 mmHg). In the presence of most forms of lung disease, and some forms of congenital heart disease (the cyanotic lesions) the difference between arterial blood and expired gas increases which can be an indication of new pathology or change in the cardiovascular-ventilation system.[2] [3]
- ^ Bhavani-Shankar K, Philip J (October 2000). "Defining segments and phases of a time capnogram". Anesth Analg. 91 (4): 973–977. doi:10.1097/00000539-200010000-00038. PMID 11004059. S2CID 46505268.
- ^ Nunn J, Hill D (May 1960). "Respiratory dead space and arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide tension difference in anesthetized man". J Appl Physiol. 15: 383–389. doi:10.1152/jappl.1960.15.3.383. PMID 14427915.
- ^ Williams E, Dassios T, Greenough A (October 2021). "Carbon dioxide monitoring in the newborn". Pediatr Pulmonol. 56 (10): 3148–3156. doi:10.1002/ppul.25605. PMID 34365738. S2CID 236960627.