Captive elephants

An elephant carrying tourists sitting on a howdah

Elephants can be found in various captive facilities such as a zoo, sanctuary, circus, or camp, usually under veterinary supervision. They can be used for educational, entertainment, or work purposes.

The earliest evidence of captive elephants dates to the Indus Valley Civilization about 4,500 years ago. Since then, captive elephants have been used around the world in war, ceremony, and for labor and entertainment.[1] Captive elephants have been kept in animal collections for at least 3,500 years. The first elephant arrived in North America in 1796.[1] London Zoo, the first scientific zoo, housed elephants beginning in 1831.[2]

Before the 1980s, zoos obtained their elephants by capturing them from the wild. Increased restrictions on the capture of wild elephants and dwindling wild populations caused zoos to turn to captive breeding.[3] The first successful captive birth in North America of an Asian elephant occurred at Oregon Zoo in 1962, while the first African elephant captive birth occurred at Knoxville Zoological Gardens in 1978.[3] Today, most zoos obtain their elephants primarily through breeding, though occasionally zoos will obtain elephants from semi-captive work camps in Asia or rescue elephants that would otherwise be culled in Africa.[4][5] Without an increase in birth rates or an influx of wild elephants, practitioners fear that captive elephant populations could become non-viable within 50 years.[6]

In 2006, 286 elephants were kept in American zoos (147 African elephants and 139 Asian elephants).[7] Nearly one in three Asian elephants lives in captivity—about 15,000 in total—mostly in work camps, temples, and ecotourism sites in the countries in which they naturally occur.[8] The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) estimates the total population of Asian elephants in the wild is 40,000 to 50,000,[9] and that of African elephants in the wild is 400,000 to 600,000.[10]

  1. ^ a b Biology, medicine, and surgery of elephants. Fowler, Murray E., Mikota, Susan K. (1st ed.). Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Pub. 2006. pp. 15–22. ISBN 978-0-470-34448-4. OCLC 212121534.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  2. ^ "Elephants leave London". 2001-11-01. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  3. ^ a b "Great Expectations". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  4. ^ Clubb, Ros; Mason, Georgia (2002). A review of the welfare of zoo elephants in Europe (PDF). Horsham, West Sussex: RSPCA.
  5. ^ Zoo, Dallas. "Q&A: Dallas Zoo rescues Swaziland elephants | Dallas ZooHoo!". Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  6. ^ Wiese, R. J.; Willis, K. (2006). "Population management of zoo elephants". International Zoo Yearbook. 40 (1): 80–87. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.2006.00080.x. ISSN 0074-9664.
  7. ^ Cohn, Jeffrey P. (2006). "Do Elephants Belong in Zoos?". BioScience. 56 (9): 714–717. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[714:DEBIZ]2.0.CO;2.
  8. ^ Campos-Arceiz, Ahimsa (31 August 2016). "What should we do about the 15,000 Asian elephants still in captivity?". The Conversation. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  9. ^ Choudhury, A.; Lahiri Choudhury, D.K.; Desai, A.; Duckworth, J.W.; Easa, P.S.; Johnsingh, A.J.T.; Fernando, P.; Hedges, S.; Gunawardena, M.; Kurt, F.; et al. (2008). "Elephas maximus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T7140A12828813. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T7140A12828813.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  10. ^ Thouless, C. R.; Dublin, H. T.; Blanc, Julian J.; Skinner, D. P.; Daniel, T. E.; Taylor, R. D.; Maisels, F.; Frederick, H. L.; Bouché, P.; IUCN/SSC African Elephant Specialist Group (2016), African Elephant Status Report 2016: an update from the African Elephant Database, Occasional Paper Series of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, vol. 60, ISBN 9782831718132