Caro is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Abraham ben Raphael Caro, Turkish rabbi
- Alberto Caro (born 1937), Venezuelan chess master
- Annibale Caro (1507–1566), Italian poet
- Anthony Caro (1924–2013), British sculptor
- Antonio Caro (1950–2021), Colombian conceptual artist
- David Caro (c.1782–1839), German pedagogue
- Elme Marie Caro (1826–1887), French philosopher
- Esperanza Elena Caro (1906–1985), Spanish embroiderer
- Ezekiel Caro (1844–1915), German rabbi and historian
- Heinrich Caro (1834–1910), German industrial chemist, first described peroxymonosulfuric acid, or 'Caro's acid'
- Horatio Caro (1862–1920), British chess player
- Isaac ben Joseph Caro (1458–1535), Spanish rabbi
- Isabelle Caro (1982–2010), French actress
- Jane Caro (born 1957), Australian commentator, author and academic
- José María Caro Martínez (1830–1916), Chilean politician, first Mayor of Pichilemu
- José María Caro Rodríguez (1866–1958), Chilean Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
- Joseph Caro (1488–1575), rabbi, scholar, and author of the Shulchan Aruch
- Joseph Chayyim Caro (1800–1895), Polish rabbi
- Julio Caro Baroja, Spanish anthropologist, historian, and linguist
- Julio de Caro (1899–1980), Argentine tango musician
- Marc Caro (born 1956), French filmmaker
- Mike Caro (born 1944), American professional poker player and instructor
- Niki Caro (born 1966), New Zealand film director, producer and screenwriter
- Nikodem Caro (1871–1935), German industrial chemist, co-inventor of the Frank-Caro process to produce calcium cyanamide
- Nydia Caro (born 1948), Puerto Rican singer and actress
- Omari Caro (born 1991), Jamaican–English rugby player
- Pauline Cassin Caro (1828/34/35 - 1901), French novelist
- Pio Caro Baroja, Spanish film and television director
- Rafael Caro Quintero (born 1952), Mexican drug lord
- Robert Caro (born 1935), American journalist and biographer
- Steve Martin Caro (1948–2020), American singer