Articles relating to the Second English Civil War (1648). The war included a Scottish invasion supported by Royalist risings in South Wales, Kent, Essex and Lancashire, along with sections of the Royal Navy. However, these were poorly co-ordinated and by the end of August 1648, they had been defeated by forces under Oliver Cromwell and Thomas Fairfax. The defeat led to the execution of Charles I in January 1649 and the establishment of the Commonwealth of England.