Chiapas conflict

Chiapas conflict

The State of Chiapas
Date1994–2020
Location
Chiapas, Mexico
Status

Armistice (San Andrés Accords of 1996)

Belligerents

 Mexico
 United States

Sinaloa Cartel
Gulf Cartel
Jalisco New Generation Cartel

Los Zetas
Juárez Cartel[1]

Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN)

Popular Revolutionary Army[2]

Supported by:
 Venezuela (1999–2013)[3]
Commanders and leaders
Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1994)
Manuel Camacho Solís (1994)
Ernesto Zedillo (1994–99)
Arturo Guzmán Decena (Until 1997)  †
United States Bill Clinton (1994–98)		 Subcomandante Marcos (1994)
Comandanta Ramona (1994–2005)
Units involved
Unknown
Strength
Unknown Unknown
Casualties and losses
Unknown Unknown
In total 316 deaths[4]

The Chiapas conflict (Spanish: Conflicto de Chiapas) consisted of the 1994 Zapatista uprising, the 1995 Zapatista crisis, and the subsequent tension between the Mexican state, the indigenous peoples and subsistence farmers of Chiapas from the 1990s to the 2010s.[5]

The Zapatista uprising started in January 1994, and lasted less than two weeks, before a ceasefire was agreed upon.[6] The principal belligerents of subsection of the conflict were the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Spanish: Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional; EZLN) and the government of Mexico.[6] Negotiations between the government and Zapatistas led to agreements being signed, but were often not complied with in the following years as the peace process stagnated. This resulted in an increasing division between communities with ties to the government and communities that sympathized with the Zapatistas. Social tensions, armed conflict and paramilitary incidents increased, culminating in the killing of 45 people in the village of Acteal in 1997 by an anti-Zapatista militia with ties to the Mexican government.[7] Though at a low level, rebel activity continued and violence occasionally erupted between Zapatista supporters and anti-Zapatista militias along with the government. The last related incident occurred in 2014, when a Zapatista-affiliated teacher was killed and 15 more wounded in Chiapas.[8] The armed conflict ended in the late 2010s.[9]

  1. ^ "Desapariciones forzadas del calderonismo". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  2. ^ "How Mexico's guerrilla army stayed clear of organized crime". www.insightcrime.org. 9 January 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  3. ^ "Bienvenidos al Diario Correo – 5 de Febrero del 2008<--- Bad reference: change --->". Archived from the original on 2007-05-28. Retrieved 2022-07-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  4. ^ "UCDP – Uppsala Conflict Data Program". ucdp.uu.se. Archived from the original on 2021-06-27. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  5. ^ "sipaz.org/crono/proceng.htm". Sipaz.org. 1994-01-01. Archived from the original on 2012-01-19. Retrieved 2013-10-29.
  6. ^ a b "Zapatista Timeline 1994". web.eecs.utk.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-03-26. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
  7. ^ "Government apologizes for its role in Acteal massacre of 1997". Mexico News Daily. 2020-09-04. Archived from the original on 2021-07-11. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  8. ^ "Zapatista teacher dead, 15 seriously wounded in deadly Chiapas ambush". Schools for Chiapas. 2014-05-07. Archived from the original on 2020-06-29. Retrieved 2018-11-17.
  9. ^ "Mexico Peace Index 2022" (PDF). Institute for Economics and Peace. 18 May 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.