Cleavage (embryo)

In embryology, cleavage is the division of cells in the early development of the embryo, following fertilization.^[1] The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant overall growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula, or of the blastocyst in mammals.

Depending mostly on the concentration of yolk in the egg, the cleavage can be holoblastic (total or complete cleavage) or meroblastic (partial or incomplete cleavage). The pole of the egg with the highest concentration of yolk is referred to as the vegetal pole while the opposite is referred to as the animal pole.

Cleavage differs from other forms of cell division in that it increases the number of cells and nuclear mass without increasing the cytoplasmic mass. This means that with each successive subdivision, there is roughly half the cytoplasm in each daughter cell than before that division, and thus the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic material increases.^[2]

^ Gilbert SF (2000). "An Introduction to Early Developmental Processes". Developmental Biology (6th ed.). Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-243-6.
^ Forgács G, Newman SA (2005). "Cleavage and blastula formation". Biological physics of the developing embryo. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. Bibcode:2005bpde.book.....F. ISBN 978-0-521-78337-8.

[1] Gilbert SF (2000). "An Introduction to Early Developmental Processes". Developmental Biology (6th ed.). Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-243-6.

[2] Forgács G, Newman SA (2005). "Cleavage and blastula formation". Biological physics of the developing embryo. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. Bibcode:2005bpde.book.....F. ISBN 978-0-521-78337-8.

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