Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines

Part of a series on the
History of the Philippines
Timeline
Prehistoric period (pre-900) Early hominin activity Homo luzonensis Tabon Man Austronesian expansion Angono Petroglyphs Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens Jade culture Sa Huỳnh culture Precolonial barangay Maritime Silk Road Events/Artifacts Balangay Cordillera Rice Terraces Grave goods Kalanay Cave Maitum anthropomorphic pottery Manunggul Jar Prehistoric beads Shell tools
Precolonial period (900–1565) Historically documented states/polities (north to south) Caboloan Cainta Tondo Namayan Maynila Ibalon Ma-i Pulilu Sandao Madja-as Dapitan Cebu Butuan Sanmalan Sultanate of Maguindanao Sultanate of Buayan Sultanates of Lanao Sultanate of Sulu Events/Artifacts Maragtas Laguna Copperplate Inscription Butuan Ivory Seal Limestone tombs of Kamhantik Kabayan Mummies Baybayin Batanes Ijang fortresses Golden Tara of Agusan Monreal Stones Butuan Silver Paleograph Piloncitos Barter rings Luzones Magellan expedition Battle of Mactan
Spanish colonial period (1565–1898) Events Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi Sandugo Treaty of Cebu Blockade of Cebu Spanish capture of Manila Battle of Bangkusay New Spain Spanish East Indies Captaincy General Tondo Conspiracy Manila galleon Revolts and uprisings Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization Spanish–Moro conflict Battles of La Naval de Manila British invasion Propaganda Movement 1872 Cavite mutiny La Liga Filipina Katipunan Cry of Pugad Lawin Philippine Revolution Tejeros Convention Republic of Biak-na-Bato Spanish–American War Treaty of Paris (1898) Battle of Manila Bay Declaration of Independence American capture of Manila Malolos Congress First Republic Philippine–American War Artifacts Boxer Codex Doctrina Christiana UST Baybayin Documents Velarde map
American colonial period (1898–1946) Tagalog Republic Negros Republic Zamboanga Republic Military Government Moro Rebellion Insular Government Jones Law Tydings–McDuffie Act Commonwealth World War II Japanese occupation Battle of Bataan Battle of Corregidor Second Republic Philippine resistance Hukbalahap Battle of Leyte Gulf Philippines campaign
Post-independence (1946–1965) Third Republic Treaty of Manila Mutual Defense Treaty Hukbalahap Rebellion Filipino First policy North Borneo dispute
Marcos era (1965–1986) Communist rebellion Moro conflict Martial law Fourth Republic People Power Revolution
Contemporary period (1986–present) Fifth Republic 1997 Asian financial crisis 2000 campaign against the MILF 2nd People Power Revolution EDSA III Oakwood mutiny Philippine drug war Territorial disputes Siege of Marawi Bangsamoro COVID-19 pandemic
By topic Ancient religions Rulers Queen consorts Administrative divisions Agriculture Archaeology Communications Conflicts Cultural achievements Diet and health Education Economy Geography Historiography Languages Medicine Military Names Politics Science and technology World Heritage Sites
Philippines portal
v t e

The history of communist armed conflicts in the Philippines is closely related to the history of communism in the Philippines, with various armed conflict linked to the armed wings of the various communist organizations that have evolved since 1930. The two largest conflicts have been the Hukbalahap rebellion of 1942–1954, and the ongoing rebellion of the New People's Army, which began in 1969 under the auspices of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP). But various splinter groups have since separated from the CPP and have had a history of armed conflict with the Philippine government since then.

The Hukbalahap rebellion was initiated by the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas of 1930 (PKP-1930) and its armed group the Hukbalahap^[1]: 44 (HMB) (Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan, or "People's Liberation Army"). They went into decline in the early 1950s and was finally put down through a series of reforms and military victories which led to the 1954 surrender of its leader Luis Taruc.

The armed conflict of the New People's Army against the Philippine government can be traced back to March 29, 1969, when Jose Maria Sison's newly formed CPP entered an alliance with a small armed group led by Bernabe Buscayno. But the conflict was still in its infancy in 1972 when Ferdinand Marcos proclaimed Martial law. The declaration and the resulting human rights abuses led to the radicalization of even the moderate opposition against Marcos, significantly swelling the ranks of the New People's Army.^[2]: "43"

Major splits away from the Communist Party of the Philippines occurred in 1992 and 1996. A month after Marcos was ousted through the broad-based nonviolent People Power Revolution of February 1986, the unit led by Conrado Balweg formed a splinter group known as the Cordillera People's Liberation Army, whose conflict with the Philippine government formally ended with the closure of peace talks in 2011.^[3] 1992 saw what the CPP refers to as the Second Great Rectification Movement, an effort whose stated intent was to "identify, repudiate and rectify the errors of urban insurrectionism, premature big formations of the New People's Army and anti-infiltration hysteria".^[4] This resulted in the once monolithic Filipino communist party fragmenting into at least 13 factions during the 1990s,^[5][6][7] the most notable being: the alliance that was the Revolutionary Workers' Party (RPM-P), the Revolutionary Proletarian Army (RPA), and the Alex Boncayao Brigade (ABB); the Revolutionary People's Army – Mindanao (RPA-M), and the Rebolusyonaryong Hukbong Bayan (RHB, Revolutionary People's Army) of the Marxist-Leninist Party of the Philippines (MLPP).^[6]