Complex interdependence

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See also: Institutional liberalism, Neoliberalism (international relations), and Liberalism (international relations)

Complex interdependence in international relations and international political economy is a concept put forth by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye in the 1970s to describe the emerging nature of the global political economy.[1][2] The concept entails that relations between states are becoming increasingly deep and complex. These increasingly complex webs of economic interdependence undermine state power and elevate the influence of transnational non-state actors.[3][4] These complex relationships can be explored through both the liberal and realism lenses and can later explain the debate of power from complex interdependence.[5]

  1. ^ Keohane, Robert O.; Nye, Joseph S. (2000). "Globalization: What's New? What's Not? (And So What?)". Foreign Policy (118): 104–119. doi:10.2307/1149673. ISSN 0015-7228. JSTOR 1149673. S2CID 158794393. Archived from the original on 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2021-08-14.
  2. ^ Keohane, Robert O.; Nye, Joseph S. (July 1973). "Power and interdependence". Survival. 15 (4): 158–165. doi:10.1080/00396337308441409. ISSN 0039-6338.
  3. ^ Cohen, Benjamin J. (2008). International Political Economy: An Intellectual History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13569-4.
  4. ^ Oatley, Thomas (2019). "Toward a political economy of complex interdependence". European Journal of International Relations. 25 (4): 957–978. doi:10.1177/1354066119846553. ISSN 1354-0661. S2CID 150467735.
  5. ^ Farrell, Henry; Newman, Abraham L. (July 2019). "Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion". International Security. 44 (1): 42–79. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00351. ISSN 0162-2889. S2CID 198952367.