 | This article needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. (June 2022) |  |
| Congenital rubella syndrome | |
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| White pupils due to congenital cataracts in a child with congenital rubella syndrome | |
| Specialty | Teratology |
Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) occurs when a human fetus is infected with the rubella virus (German measles) via maternal-fetal transmission and develops birth defects.[1] The most common congenital defects affect the ophthalmologic, cardiac, auditory, and neurologic systems.[2]
Rubella infection in pregnancy can result in various outcomes ranging from asymptomatic infection to congenital defects to miscarriage and fetal death.[3][4] If infection occurs 0–11 weeks after conception, the infant has a 90% risk of being affected.[1] If the infection occurs 12–20 weeks after conception, the risk is 20%. Infants are not generally affected if rubella is contracted during the third trimester.[3] Diagnosis of congenital rubella syndrome is made through a series of clinical and laboratory findings and management is based on the infant's clinical presentation. Maintaining rubella outbreak control via vaccination is essential in preventing congenital rubella infection and congenital rubella syndrome.[3]
Congenital rubella syndrome was discovered in 1941 by Australian Norman McAlister Gregg.[5]
- ^ a b Vesikari, Timo; Usonis, Vytautas (2021). "9. Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccine". In Vesikari, Timo; Damme, Pierre Van (eds.). Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccinations: A European Textbook (Second ed.). Switzerland: Springer. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-3-030-77172-0.
- ^ Rochester, Caitlin K.; Adams, Daniel J. (2022). "12. Rubella". In Jong, Elaine C.; Stevens, Dennis L. (eds.). Netter's Infectious Diseases (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-323-71159-3.
- ^ a b c "Control and prevention of rubella: evaluation and management of suspected outbreaks, rubella in pregnant women, and surveillance for congenital rubella syndrome". MMWR. Recommendations and Reports. 50 (RR-12): 1–23. 2001-07-13. ISSN 1057-5987. PMID 11475328.
- ^ Arrieta, Antonio C. "Congenital rubella". www.uptodate.com. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
- ^ Atkinson, William (2011). Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (12th ed.). Public Health Foundation. pp. 301–323. ISBN 9780983263135. Retrieved 30 March 2015.