Cool flame

A cool flame is a flame having a typical temperature of about 400 °C (752 °F).[1] In contrast to an ordinary hot flame, the reaction is not vigorous and releases little heat, light, or carbon dioxide. Cool flames are difficult to observe and are uncommon in everyday life, but they are responsible for engine knock – the undesirable, erratic, and noisy combustion of low-octane fuels in internal combustion engines.[2][3][4]

  1. ^ Lindström, B.; Karlsson, J.A.J.; Ekdunge, P.; De Verdier, L.; Häggendal, B.; Dawody, J.; Nilsson, M.; Pettersson, L.J. (2009). "Diesel fuel reformer for automotive fuel cell applications" (PDF). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 34 (8): 3367. Bibcode:2009IJHE...34.3367L. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.02.013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference nasa was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Gray, Peter; Scott, Stephen K. (1994). Chemical oscillations and instabilities: non-linear chemical kinetics. Oxford University Press. p. 437. ISBN 978-0-19-855864-4.
  4. ^ Scott, Stephen K. (1993). Chemical chaos. Oxford University Press. p. 339. ISBN 978-0-19-855658-9.