Crater

For other uses, see Crater (disambiguation).
50,000-year-old Meteor Crater east of Flagstaff, Arizona, U.S.
Lake Manicouagan in Quebec, Canada, an impact crater lake
Pano Horgoo volcano crater in Mongolia
Explosion crater created by the Sedan shallow underground nuclear test explosion in Nevada
Deep pit crater on Hualalai Hawaii
The lunar crater Webb, as seen from Lunar Orbiter 1. Several smaller craters can be seen in and around Webb.

A crater is a landform consisting of a hole or depression on a planetary surface, usually caused either by an object hitting the surface, or by geological activity on the planet. A crater has classically been described as: "a bowl-shaped pit that is formed by a volcano, an explosion, or a meteorite impact". On Earth, craters are "generally the result of volcanic eruptions", while "meteorite impact craters are common on the Moon, but are rare on Earth".[1]

A 1961 New Scientist article speculating on the later-dismissed theory that the craters on the Moon might be volcanic in origin noted that "craters produced by volcanism are blessed with advantages of terrain and mineralization not found on impact craters".[2] A crater may become a crater lake if conditions are suitable.[3] This requires that the crater have relatively even and solid walls, and a source of water such as floodwaters, rain, snow, springs, or other groundwater.[4][5]

  1. ^ "Crater". Young People's Science Encyclopedia. 1978. p. 456.
  2. ^ Green, Jack (1961-02-23). "Geology for the man on the Moon". New Scientist. Vol. 9, no. 223. p. 465. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
  3. ^ John Arthur Thomson, Mountain and Moorland (1921), p. 33.
  4. ^ Scott, William Berryman (1922). Physiography: The Science of the Abode of Man. New York: P.F. Collier & Son. p. 101. OCLC 7015885.
  5. ^ Science and Technology Encyclopedia. University of Chicago Press. 2000. pp. 78, 131.