Cyanophage

Electron micrograph of negative-stained Prochlorococcus myoviruses

Cyanophages are viruses that infect cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta or blue-green algae. Cyanobacteria are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through the process of photosynthesis.[1][2] Although cyanobacteria metabolize photoautotrophically like eukaryotic plants, they have prokaryotic cell structure. Cyanophages can be found in both freshwater and marine environments.[3] Marine and freshwater cyanophages have icosahedral heads, which contain double-stranded DNA, attached to a tail by connector proteins.[4] The size of the head and tail vary among species of cyanophages. Cyanophages infect a wide range of cyanobacteria and are key regulators of the cyanobacterial populations in aquatic environments, and may aid in the prevention of cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater and marine ecosystems. These blooms can pose a danger to humans and other animals, particularly in eutrophic freshwater lakes. Infection by these viruses is highly prevalent in cells belonging to Synechococcus spp. in marine environments, where up to 5% of cells belonging to marine cyanobacterial cells have been reported to contain mature phage particles.[5]

The first described cyanophage LPP-1, was reported by Safferman and Morris in 1963.[6] Cyanophages are classified within the bacteriophage families Myoviridae (e.g. AS-1, N-1), Podoviridae (e.g. LPP-1) and Siphoviridae (e.g. S-1).[6]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference :8 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Whitton BA, Potts M (2000). The Ecology of Cyanobacteria: Their Diversity in Time and Space. Boston: Kluwer Academic. pp. 563–589. ISBN 978-0-7923-4735-4.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Suttle CA, Chan AM (1993). "Marine cyanophages infecting oceanic and coastal strains of Synechococcus: abundance, . morphology, cross-infectivity and growth characteristics". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 92: 99–109. Bibcode:1993MEPS...92...99S. doi:10.3354/meps092099.
  5. ^ Proctor LM, Fuhrman JA (1990). "Viral mortality of marine bacteria and cyanobacteria". Nature. 343 (6253): 60–62. Bibcode:1990Natur.343...60P. doi:10.1038/343060a0. S2CID 4336344.
  6. ^ a b Sarma TA. 'Cyanophages' in Handbook of Cyanobacteria (CRC Press; 2012) (ISBN 1466559411)