Daryal radar

Daryal
Daryal radar in Pechora
Country of originSoviet Union, Russia
Introduced1984
No. built8 planned, 2 operational
TypeEarly-warning radar
Frequency150–200 MHz (VHF)
RangeAround 6,000 kilometres (3,728 mi)[1][2]: 74 
DiameterTransmitter 30×40 m
Receiver 80×80 m
separated by 0.5–1.5 km
Azimuth90°[1][2]: 74 
Elevation40°[2]: 74 [1]
Other NamesNATO: Pechora
GRAU: 5N79, 90N6.

The Daryal-type radar (Russian: Дарьял) (NATO: Pechora) is a Soviet bistatic early-warning radar. It consists of two separate large active phased-array antennas separated by around 500 metres (1,640 ft) to 1.5 kilometres (4,921 ft). The transmitter array is 30 m × 40 m (98 ft × 131 ft) and the receiver is 80 m × 80 m (260 ft × 260 ft) in size. The system is a VHF system operating at a wavelength of 1.5 to 2 meters (150 to 200 MHz). Its initial transmit capacity was 50 MW with a target capacity of 350 MW.[3][failed verification]

The designer of the radars, RTI Mints, says that each Daryal receiver is 100 × 100 m and has 4,000 cross dipoles. Each transmitter is 40 × 40 m with 1,260 modules, each capable of 300 kW. They say the radar has a range of 6,000 km with targets between 0.1–0.12 m2.[4][2]: 74  It can track 20 objects at the same time and can cope with four jamming sources.[2]: 74  The designer, Viktor Ivantsov, was awarded the title "Hero of Labour" for his work on the Daryal.[5]

The first Daryal type radar was an active electronically scanned array built at Olenegorsk in 1977. It was the receiver building only and was called a Daugava rather than a Daryal. It used the transmitter of the adjacent Dnestr-M radar. Following this two Daryal radars were constructed in Pechora (1983) and Qabala (1985). New Daryal-U radars were planned for Balkhash-9 near Sary Shagan in Kazakhstan, Mishelevka near Irkutsk and Yeniseysk-15 near Krasnoyarsk in Siberia. Two Daryal-UM systems were to be constructed in Skrunda, Latvia, and Mukachevo, Ukraine.[6][7][8]

Originally, at least seven Daryal facilities were planned, however, only the first two facilities completed, named Pechora and Gabala, were ever operational.

The American Clinton administration offered financial assistance in completing the Mishelevka facility in exchange for amending the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty to allow US deployment of a national missile defense system.[9] Russia rejected this proposal and in 2002 the US unilaterally withdrew from the ABM treaty. The Mukachevo one in Ukraine was never completed after the fall of the Soviet Union and the Skrunda facility was demolished by a newly independent Latvia, arranged by the US Department of Defence.[6][10] The Yeniseysk (Krasnoyarsk) Daryal-U site caused concern in the West over compliance with the ABM Treaty during its construction in the 1980s. Article VI(b) requires radars to be on the periphery of national territory and to face outwards whereas the Yeniseysk radar faced over Siberia. Following negotiations, in September 1989 the Soviets admitted it was a violation of the treaty, construction ceased and the facility was eventually dismantled.[6][8][11][12]

  1. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference rus-mod-daryal was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference ru-arms-ency-5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference GS-Daryal was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference RTI-Radar was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference RTI-History was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Podvig-History was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference PodvigBook was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Karpenko1999 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference GS-Mish was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference controlleddemo was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference GS-Kras was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference ABM-Treaty was invoked but never defined (see the help page).