Diabetes

This article is about the common insulin disorder. For the urine hyper-production disorder, see Diabetes insipidus. For other uses, see Diabetes (disambiguation).

Diabetes mellitus
A hollow circle with a thick blue border and a clear centre
Universal blue circle symbol for diabetes[1]
Pronunciation
SpecialtyEndocrinology
Symptoms
Complications
  • Metabolic imbalances
  • Cardiovascular diseases
  • Nerve and brain damage
  • Kidney failure
  • Gastrointestinal changes[2][3][4][5]
DurationRemission may occur, but diabetes is often life-long
Types
  • Type 1 diabetes
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Gestational diabetes
CausesInsulin insufficiency or gradual resistance
Risk factors
Diagnostic method
Differential diagnosisdiabetes insipidus
Treatment
Medication
Frequency463 million (5.7%)[9]
Deaths4.2 million (2019)[9]

Diabetes mellitus, often known simply as diabetes, is a group of common endocrine diseases characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels.[10][11] Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the cells of the body becoming unresponsive to the hormone's effects.[12] Classic symptoms include thirst, polyuria, weight loss, and blurred vision. If left untreated, the disease can lead to various health complications, including disorders of the cardiovascular system, eye, kidney, and nerves.[3] Diabetes accounts for approximately 4.2 million deaths every year,[9] with an estimated 1.5 million caused by either untreated or poorly treated diabetes.[10]

The major types of diabetes are type 1 and type 2.[13] The most common treatment for type 1 is insulin replacement therapy (insulin injections), while anti-diabetic medications (such as metformin and semaglutide) and lifestyle modifications can be used to manage type 2. Gestational diabetes, a form that arises during pregnancy in some women, normally resolves shortly after delivery.

As of 2021, an estimated 537 million people had diabetes worldwide accounting for 10.5% of the adult population, with type 2 making up about 90% of all cases. The World Health Organization has reported that diabetes was "among the top 10 causes of death in 2021, following a significant percentage increase of 95% since 2000."[14] It is estimated that by 2045, approximately 783 million adults, or 1 in 8, will be living with diabetes, representing a 46% increase from the current figures.[15] The prevalence of the disease continues to increase, most dramatically in low- and middle-income nations.[16] Rates are similar in women and men, with diabetes being the seventh leading cause of death globally.[17][18] The global expenditure on diabetes-related healthcare is an estimated US$760 billion a year.[19]

  1. ^ "Diabetes Blue Circle Symbol". International Diabetes Federation. 17 March 2006. Archived from the original on 5 August 2007.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Diabetes". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  3. ^ a b Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN (July 2009). "Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes". Diabetes Care. 32 (7): 1335–1343. doi:10.2337/dc09-9032. PMC 2699725. PMID 19564476. Archived from the original on 2016-06-25.
  4. ^ Krishnasamy S, Abell TL (July 2018). "Diabetic Gastroparesis: Principles and Current Trends in Management". Diabetes Therapy. 9 (Suppl 1): 1–42. doi:10.1007/s13300-018-0454-9. ISSN 1869-6961. PMC 6028327. PMID 29934758.
  5. ^ Saedi E, Gheini MR, Faiz F, Arami MA (September 2016). "Diabetes mellitus and cognitive impairments". World Journal of Diabetes. 7 (17): 412–422. doi:10.4239/wjd.v7.i17.412. PMC 5027005. PMID 27660698.
  6. ^ a b "Causes of Diabetes – NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. June 2014. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference AFP09 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Brutsaert EF (February 2017). "Drug Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus". MSDManuals.com. Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
  9. ^ a b c "IDF DIABETES ATLAS Ninth Edition 2019" (PDF). www.diabetesatlas.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  10. ^ a b "Diabetes". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  11. ^ "Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders". MSD Manual Consumer Version. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  12. ^ Shoback DG, Gardner D, eds. (2011). "Chapter 17". Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 978-0-07-162243-1.
  13. ^ "Symptoms and Causes of Diabetes". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health. 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  14. ^ "The top 10 causes of death". www.who.int. Retrieved 2024-08-12.
  15. ^ "Facts & figures". International Diabetes Federation. Archived from the original on 2023-08-10. Retrieved 2023-08-10.
  16. ^ De Silva AP, De Silva SH, Haniffa R, Liyanage IK, Jayasinghe S, Katulanda P, et al. (April 2018). "Inequalities in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its risk factors in Sri Lanka: a lower middle income country". International Journal for Equity in Health. 17 (1): 45. doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0759-3. PMC 5905173. PMID 29665834.
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference Vos2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ "The top 10 causes of death". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  19. ^ Bommer C, Sagalova V, Heesemann E, Manne-Goehler J, Atun R, Bärnighausen T, et al. (May 2018). "Global Economic Burden of Diabetes in Adults: Projections From 2015 to 2030". Diabetes Care. 41 (5): 963–970. doi:10.2337/dc17-1962. PMID 29475843. S2CID 3538441.