| Diaphragm | |
|---|---|
&sq=Envato&lang=en&file=File:Contraceptive_diaphragm.jpg) An arcing spring diaphragm in its case, with a quarter added for scale. | |
| Background | |
| Type | Barrier |
| First use | 1880s[1] |
| Failure rates (first year with spermicide) | |
| Perfect use | 6%[2] |
| Typical use | 12%[2] |
| Usage | |
| Reversibility | Immediate |
| User reminders | Inserted before sex with spermicide. Left in place for 6–8 hours afterwards |
| Clinic review | For size fitting and prescribing in some countries |
| Advantages and disadvantages | |
| STI protection | Possible |
| Periods | Catches menstrual flow |
| Benefits | May be reused 1 to 3 years |
| Risks | Urinary tract infection, toxic shock syndrome (rare) |
The diaphragm is a barrier method of birth control.[3] It is moderately effective, with a one-year failure rate of around 12% with typical use.[4] It is placed over the cervix with spermicide before sex and left in place for at least six hours after sex.[5][6] Fitting by a healthcare provider is generally required.[5]
Side effects are usually very few.[6] Use may increase the risk of bacterial vaginosis and urinary tract infections.[3] If left in the vagina for more than 24 hours toxic shock syndrome may occur.[6] While use may decrease the risk of sexually transmitted infections, it is not very effective at doing so.[3] There are a number of types of diaphragms with different rim and spring designs.[7] They may be made from latex, silicone, or natural rubber.[7] They work by blocking access to and holding spermicide near the cervix.[7]
The diaphragm came into use around 1882.[1] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[8][9]
- ^ a b Everett, Suzanne (2014). Handbook of Contraception and Sexual Health. Routledge. p. 62. ISBN 9781135114114. Archived from the original on 2017-09-24.
- ^ a b Trussell, James (2011). "Contraceptive efficacy" (PDF). In Hatcher, Robert A.; Trussell, James; Nelson, Anita L.; Cates, Willard Jr.; Kowal, Deborah; Policar, Michael S. (eds.). Contraceptive technology (20th revised ed.). New York: Ardent Media. pp. 779–863. ISBN 978-1-59708-004-0. ISSN 0091-9721. OCLC 781956734. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-11-12.
- ^ a b c Hillard, Paula J. Adams; Hillard, Paula Adams (2008). The 5-minute Obstetrics and Gynecology Consult. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 240. ISBN 9780781769426. Archived from the original on 2017-09-24.
- ^ Wipf, Joyce (2015). Women's Health, An Issue of Medical Clinics of North America. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 508. ISBN 9780323376082. Archived from the original on 2017-09-24.
- ^ a b "Contraception | Reproductive Health | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 21 June 2016. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
- ^ a b c Helms, Richard A.; Quan, David J. (2006). Textbook of Therapeutics: Drug and Disease Management. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 419. ISBN 9780781757348. Archived from the original on 2017-09-24.
- ^ a b c Corson, S. L.; Derman, R. J. (1995). Fertility Control. CRC Press. pp. 211–212. ISBN 9780969797807. Archived from the original on 2017-09-24.
- ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- ^ World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.