| Part of a series on |
| Christology |
|---|
 |
In the history of Christianity, docetism (from the Koinē Greek: δοκεῖν/δόκησις dokeĩn "to seem", dókēsis "apparition, phantom"[1][2]) was the doctrine that the phenomenon of Jesus, his historical and bodily existence, and above all the human form of Jesus, was mere semblance without any true reality.[3][4] Broadly, it is taken as the belief that Jesus only seemed to be human, and that his human form was an illusion.
The word Δοκηταί Dokētaí ("Illusionists") referring to early groups who denied Jesus's humanity, first occurred in a letter by Bishop Serapion of Antioch (197–203),[5] who discovered the doctrine in the Gospel of Peter, during a pastoral visit to a Christian community using it in Rhosus, and later condemned it as a forgery.[6][7] It appears to have arisen over theological contentions concerning the meaning, figurative or literal, of a sentence from the Gospel of John: "the Word was made Flesh".[8]
Docetism was unequivocally rejected at the First Council of Nicaea in 325[9] and is regarded as heretical by the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, Armenian Apostolic Church, Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church,[10] and many Protestant denominations that accept and hold to the statements of these early church councils, such as Reformed Baptists, Reformed Christians, and all Trinitarian Christians.
- ^ González 2005, pp. 46–47: "A term derived from the Greek dokein, to seem, or to appear."
- ^ Strecker 2000, p. 438.
- ^ Brox 1984, p. 306.
- ^ Schneemelcher & Maurer 1994, p. 220.
- ^ Breidenbaugh 2008, p. 179–81.
- ^ Ehrman 2005, p. 16.
- ^ Foster 2009, p. 79. Serapion first approved its use, and only reversed his opinion on returning to his bishopric in Antioch, after being informed of its contents. He wrote a "Concerning the So-Called Gospel of St Peter", which is alluded to in Eusebius's Church History VI 12.3–6.
- ^ Smith & Wace 1877, pp. 867–870.
- ^ Ridgeon 2001, p. xv.
- ^ Arendzen 2012.